Acknowledgements The consultant would like to thank different government agencies for providing statistics that contributed to this research study. Thank you to research assistant Patrick Balazo, to Emily Lentinello and to Fiorella Rabuffetti for providing assistance in qualitative and legal analysis. The consultant also acknowledges the support from UNHCR Canada, with thanks to JeanNicolas Beuze, Aviva Basman, and Nadia Williamson for their feedback, and especially to interns Marium Jamil, Heather David, Rada Makhambetova, Veronica Blanco, Tara Rajabi and Matthew Daminato for their invaluable contributions. With gratitude to those persons who have experienced statelessness and participated in the interviews for this study. iii