fields within health care) 39. Thus, ex-Gaza doctors, dentists and engineers cannot open private practices or contracting businesses. In some of these professions — such as pharmacy — practice is completely restricted, however, in line with labour needs, temporary enrolment in syndicates (usually without pension, health insurance, loan entitlements and at a higher premium) may be possible for engineers and various medical professions. Ex Gazan professionals may also find employment with UNRWA or other international organisations. Those resident in camps may also obtain a license to set up a general medical practice in their camp of residence. In addition, for non-restricted professions, there may still be de facto restrictions at some large private companies, such as banks and five-star hotels, as ex-Gazans must obtain yearly security clearance before beginning work. Ownership and business licencing Finally, ex-Gazans, like foreigners in general, also face restrictions pertaining to property ownership, business licencing and public transport driving licenses40. As non-nationals, ex-Gazans must obtain ministerial permission to own property and cannot rent for more than three years without the permission of the Cabinet 41. Until 2006, ex-Gazans were able to purchase property under the name of a Jordanian citizen through a power of attorney agreement, however this is no longer possible (Al-Quds 2009, p. 22). Within the camps, which are officially government-owned or -leased property, buying and selling of housing units does occur. Although the legal basis for such transactions is shaky, there has been no attempt to prevent them by UNRWA or the government. Formally, refugees only maintain a ‘right of use’ of the houses inside camps and such effective ‘ownership’ does not extend to the plots on which they are built. In terms of starting their own businesses, ex-Gazans are able to register businesses inside camps as long as they have a Certificate of Occupancy (costing 5 JD, to prove that they are a camp resident). Camps are divided into residential and commercial areas, with limits on the amount of commercial activity permitted in residential areas 42. In the commercial areas, up to four businesses per resident are allowed. For this, residents need a commercial ‘registration’ managed by the DPA43. According to interviewees, this type of registration does not bring all the benefits of full commercial registration through the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply, such as being able to access lower prices for wholesale goods and commercial rates for utilities. For businesses outside camps, the business-owner must acquire a license. Many interviewees reported restrictions on this, It is unclear the extent to which ex-Gazans benefit from the agreements for lawyers and agricultural engineers in practice. Foreign nurses in Jordan are able to obtain a temporary license, renewable on an annual basis, at the discretion of the Minister of Health (Nurses Association, Nurses and Midwives Law No. 18 of 1972 (amended 1999, 2007) Arts. 7, 10). Ex-Gaza teachers can work in private schools but are not protected by the syndicate. 40 According to Regulation No. 104 of 2008 on the Registration and Licensing of Vehicles, exGazans are unable to drive a taxi or bus as they cannot apply for public transport driving licenses. 41 Law No. 47 of 2006 on the Rent and Selling of Immoveable Properties to Non-Jordanians and Legal Persons (Art. 7) requires that temporary passport holders have the permission of both the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Interior to purchase property. This permission is rarely granted except in the cases of investors investing 50,000 JD or more, or for the areas in the immediate vicinity of Jerash Camp (interviews with Jalal Al Husseini, March 2018). 42 Refugees can open one to two shops in residential areas on the condition that 50% of the building is used as residence. Interview with DPA 18 February 2016. 43 For a general account on the development of property rights in Palestinian refugee camps, see Hajj (2017). 39 ‘Just getting by’ Ex-Gazans in Jerash and other refugee camps in Jordan 23