2 10.1163/22131035-14020001 | enigbokan Keywords statelessness determination – stateless persons – technology – artificial intelligence (ai) – human rights 1 Introduction Digitalisation and the use of digital technologies by States and international organisations in the migration, citizenship and asylum fields have increased in recent years.1 Artificial intelligence (ai) which is the focus of this study is one of the available digital technologies today. ai-based digital technology includes machine learning and chatbots. Chatbots are an ai tool used frequently by public agents to answer routine questions.2 ai has led to the creation of sophisticated robotics that can help increase safety in the workplace, as dangerous tasks can be carried out by robots.3 ai now plays a significant role in disease diagnosis, patient outcomes and helps extend life expectancy.4 ai also helps with regulatory enforcement, including fraud detection, tax fraud reporting, and cyber threat detection.5 ai algorithms’ capacity to handle vast volumes of data that takes humans a longer time to process, can help streamline repetitive tasks.6 Some countries such as the USA, Canada and the UK have turned to the promise of ai tools in administrative decisions to decide – in whole or in 1 Irina Lysak and Glen Hodgson, Exploring the Potential of Digitalisation in Migration Management in the Prague Process Region, Prague Process report, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (2024) 7; Lutiana Valadares Fernandes Barbosa and Ana Luísa Zago de Moraes, ‘Exploring the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Refugee Status Determination: a Human Rights Approach’ in Michał Balcerzak and Julia KapelańskaPręgowska, Artificial Intelligence and International Human Rights Law: Developing Standards For a Changing World (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2024) 294. 2 Damilola Awotula, ‘Automated Immigration and Administrative Law in Canada: Assessing the Immigration, Refugee Citizenship Canadas’ trv s Advanced Analytics Program’ (2024) Research Paper 13, McGill sgi Research Papers in Business, Finance, Law and Society. 3 Beata Polok and others, ‘Balancing Potential and Peril: The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Human Rights’ (2023) 9(6) Multicultural Education 97. 4 United Nations, ‘The Impact of Digital Technologies,’ <https://www.un.org/en/un75/impact -digital-technologies> accessed 30 September 2025. 5 Thomas Vogl and others, ‘Smart Technology and the Emergence of Algorithmic Bureaucracy: Artificial Intelligence in UK Local Authorities’ (2020) 80(6) Public Administration Review 955. 6 Madeleine Forster, ‘Refugee Protection in the Artificial Intelligence Era a Test Case for Rights’ Research Paper, (International Law Programme, September 2022) 3. International Human Rights Law Review (2025) 1–31