22. Sierra Leone, Malawi, Uganda, Swaziland, Ghana, Nigeria, Botswana, Kenya, Zambia, Seychelles, Mauritius, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Lesotho; in Bronwen Manby, Citizenship and Statelessness in Africa: The Law and Politics of Belonging, 2015, 94. 23. Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, and Algeria; in Ibid., 96–97. 24. Ibid., 91–93. 25. Scholars such as Aleinikoff and Joppke are critical of both framing nationality laws in a strict dichotomy and advocate for complementarity between jus soli and jus sanguinis provisions. See e.g., Marc Morjé Howard, The Politics of Citizenship in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 20; Thomas Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas B. Klusmeyer, Citizenship Policies for an Age of Migration (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002); C. Joppke, “Comparative Citizenship: A Restrictive Turn in Europe?,” Law and Ethics of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–41. 26. Preventing Childhood Statelessness in Europe: Issues, Gaps and Good Practices, 3, available at: http://www.statelessness.eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/attachments/resources/Preventing %20childhood%20statelessness%20in%20Europe%20-%20issues%2C%20gaps%20and%20 good%20practices.pdf. 27. Iseult Honohan, “The Theory and Politics of Ius Soli,” Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute (June 2010): 2, available at: http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/ IusSoli.pdf. 28. Honohan, op. cit., 3. 29. Yamilée McKenzie, The Campaign for Universal Birth Registration in Latin America: Ensuring All Latin American Children’s Inherent Right to Life and Survival by First Guaranteeing Their Right to a Legal Identity, 37 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 519 (2009), 521–522, available at: http://digitalcommons. law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol37/iss3/3McKenzie. 30. Preventing Childhood Statelessness in Europe: Issues, Gaps and Good Practices, 3, available at: http://www.statelessness.eu/sites/www.statelessness.eu/files/attachments/resources/Preventing %20childhood%20statelessness%20in%20Europe%20-%20issues%2C%20gaps%20and%20 good%20practices.pdf. 31. See also, Migration Policy Index, “On the Other Side of the Fence: Changing Dynamics of Migration in the Americas,” May 27, 2010, available at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/ other-side-fence-changing-dynamics-migration-americas. 32. Regarding the response by Latin American countries, see Vonk, op. cit., 9. 33. Gutnisky and Becker, op. cit. 34. Chile reports no stateless persons, UNHCR Statistical Yearbook, 2015, available at: http:// www.unhcr.org/protection/statelessness/546e01319/statistics-stateless-persons.html. Under UNHCR’s statistical compilation on statelessness, several categories of stateless persons are not counted as stateless. This includes those who also fall within the protection mandates of other agencies of the United Nations (at present, only U.N. Relief and Works Agency) and those who also come under UNHCR’s other protection mandates (such as refugees, asylum-seekers, and to some extent, IDPs). BORN IN THE AMERICAS 91