Venezuelans of lesser means began to enter Colombia in 2010.262 By 2014, approximately 52 Venezuelans were entering Colombia every day. That same year, the Colombian migration authority reported a 318% increase in requests for work authorizations.263 Yet the diaspora of Colombians fleeing internal armed conflict, seeking employment opportunities, and settling in neighboring countries remains much larger than Venezuelan immigration, and continues to increase.264 Colombians have sought residence in Venezuela even as Venezuelans enter Colombia, and heightened tensions between the two governments have directly affected Colombian migrants in Venezuela. Colombians living in Venezuela have suffered from mass deportations,265 ill treatment by authorities, and discrimination.266 However, Colombia continues to welcome Venezuelans: Presidential Decree 1814 of 2015 set up a special procedure to obtain a permit for entry and residency, with naturalization rights attached, for nationals of Venezuela who are part of families of mixed nationality entering Colombia as a result of the Venezuelan deportations.267 The Inter-American Commission reported that during its visit to the Colombia-Venezuela border (August 22–September 7, 2015), 1,654 complaints (all brought by adults) were registered from 345 deportees and 1,254 returnees, 931 of them women; 73 percent of those who filed complaints had an irregular immigration status in Venezuela. They also reported that the grave humanitarian crisis in the border affected 2,027 children, 439 adolescents, and 195 elderly people.268 Within Colombia’s borders, the sheer size of its internally displaced population presents an ongoing challenge to the country’s citizenship regime. Although Colombia has numerous public policies and abundant case law intended to address internal displacement,269 the overwhelming number of internally displaced persons renders these measures insufficient. Local communities, especially in urban centers, have been very resistant to accepting IDPs, and this rejection and discrimination has carried over to the treatment of other foreign migrant populations. The IDP population is made up predominantly Afro-descendants and members of indigenous groups.270 Racism, combined with concerns about competition for jobs, fear of insecurity and violence, and general distrust, and has led many host communities to oppose the integration of newcomers.271 Since there was virtually no immigration into Colombia prior to 2005, the country never needed to adopt a migration policy platform.272 Its regulations were limited to the granting of an authorization to extended residence through visas and keeping a registry of foreigners physically present in the national territory. However, in 2009, responding to the increase in emigration numbers and an impetus to attract foreign investment, the Colombian Council for Economic and Social Policy, headed by the Administrative Department of Planning and Technical Services, enacted a new national migration policy.273 It established guidelines for the development and implementation of strategies to support both Colombians living abroad, as well as the foreign population residing in Colombia. The 2009 policy had two main objectives: protecting the rights of immi- BORN IN THE AMERICAS 65