Regional Overview Regional Overview Country Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) Statute details (if any) Other laws governing digital ID Available grievance mechanism SUB REGION - SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan ⛔ Country Sri Lanka – NID statutes and civil-reg- Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) ⛔ Statute details (if any) Other laws governing digital ID Available grievance mechanism – Civil-registration statutes; General administrative com- regulations enabling e-NIC plaint mechanisms No clear grievance mechanisms and biometric registration; istration laws governing ICT laws e-Tazkira; broader e-govSUB REGION - SOUTHEAST ASIA ernment framework Bangladesh ⛔ – NID statutes and civil-reg- General administrative com- istration laws; ICT and plaint mechanisms Brunei ✅ – ✅ National Digi- Civil-registration and NDI Act includes explicit safe- tal Identity Act citizenship laws; ICT and guards and redress mechanisms; 2023 cybersecurity framework general administrative remedies governing the SSI-based also available Cambodia ⛔ – plaint mechanisms IPIS ⛔ Civil-registration legisla- Grievance mechanisms under Population Administration General administrative com- geted Delivery tion; IT and data-govern- the Aadhaar framework plus Law and implementing reg- plaint mechanisms of Financial and ance framework relating to general administrative routes ulations; e-government and Other Subsi- digital public infrastructure emerging data-protection dies, Benefits and authentication framework Indonesia – Laos Sectoral e-government and General administrative com- ICT regulations; identity plaint mechanisms ⛔ – – – General ICT and e-transac- General administrative com- tions laws; civil-registration plaint mechanisms framework underpinning Gov-X / E-ID Malaysia ⛔ – National Registration Act; Complaints through data-protection authority and general administrative mechanisms National ID (NID) statute; General administrative com- e-government and da- civil-registration laws; na- plaint mechanisms ta-protection laws forming the basis for MyDigital ID citizenship certificates Myanmar ✅ digital-government laws; supporting CamDigiKey / tionality legislation defining Pakistan General administrative com- Aadhaar (Tar- underpinning eFaas ⛔ Civil-registration and sectoral ICT framework and civil-registration laws Nepal plaint mechanisms pinning BruneiID Act 2016 ⛔ e-transactions and civ- sectoral data-governance and Services) Maldives General administrative com- il-registration laws under- NDI system India Sectoral data-protection, e-government framework; instruments Bhutan ⛔ Digital Nation NADRA Ordinance and reg- Centralised NADRA complaint Pakistan Act ulations; civil-registration 2025 and identity laws; e-govern- administrative remedies management system and general ment framework ⛔ – Citizenship and registration General administrative comlaws; e-government and plaint mechanisms (in principle) ICT framework underpinning UID Smart Card and biometric SIM registration 36 37 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC THIRD EDITION - REGIONAL OVERVIEW REPORT 2026