Iraq. In April 1980, the Iraqi government passed a decree stripping some 220,000 to 300,000 Feyli Kurds of Iraqi citizenship (Campbell 2010). Their property was confiscated and many where forcibly expelled to Iran, where they were denied access to work, education, and travel documents (ibid.). Some Feyli Kurds in Iran have obtained Iranian citizenship by proving Iranian ancestry or family ties, but most are ineligible to naturalize in Iran (DIAC 2011, 16). While the Iraqi government passed a law in 2006 permitting Feyli Kurds to reinstate their Iraqi citizenship, those wishing to do so must prove that their families were registered in the 1957 Iraqi Census. Given that many civil records were destroyed or lost during recent conflicts in the region, some are unable to provide proof of registration and may remain stateless (Campbell 2010). Kurds who were born in Iraq’s border region and have entered the United States since 1980 are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Syrian Kurds In 1962, the Syrian government carried out a one-day census in al-Hasakah, a predominantly Kurdish province, to identify unauthorized migrants from Turkey. To attain Syrian nationality, those deemed authorized had to demonstrate to census officials that they resided in Syria in 1945. About 120,000 Kurds lost their Syrian citizenship as a result of this census (Albarazi 2013, 16). These included persons who could not prove residence, who were registered as foreign citizens, and who either could not be reached by Syrian authorities or who refused to participate in the census (ibid.). Since Syria has not implemented laws granting citizenship to children of stateless parents, many descendants of these 120,000 individuals are stateless. At the onset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, an estimated 300,000 Syrian Kurds were stateless (ISI 2014, 111). In 2011, Syrian authorities passed a decree granting Syrian citizenship to those denied citizenship and registered as foreigners in 1962. This decree, however, did not offer citizenship to persons who either missed or refused to participate in the 1962 census (Albarazi 2013, 19). Since the outbreak of Syria’s civil war, some Kurds have fled Syria for other countries, particularly Iraq (ibid.). Some of these persons may be eligible for citizenship under the 2011 decree, but cannot obtain proof of citizenship without returning to Syria (ibid.) Ethnic Kurds from Syria are thus potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Kurds and Bedouin in Lebanon Small numbers of Kurds and Bedouin (Arab nomads) from Lebanon are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Most Kurds in Lebanon were born in Syria and Turkey and arrived in Lebanon either before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire or as refugees from political violence in the 1950s and 1960s (Meho and Kawtharani 2005). Until the 1990s, Lebanese authorities barred most immigrants to Lebanon from citizenship. In 1994, Prime Minister Rafik Hariri issued a decree permitting nonnaturalized groups residing in Lebanon to apply for citizenship, but some did not apply and remained stateless (ibid., 7). Many Lebanese Bedouin were overlooked during the French colonial authorities’ initial efforts to register Lebanon’s population in the 1920s and 1930s, rendering many of them stateless. Although some Bedouin have been granted legal residence, most had not acquired full citizenship 20