38 1 PROTECTING STATELESS PERSONS FROM ARBITRARY DETENTION
ENDNOTES
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5
6
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18
Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 54
It is intended to also be a resource to practitioners in other parts of the
world – to the extent that it draws on the universal UN framework, and
given that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights are widely
read, respected and influential globally
Further information is available on the European Network on Statelessness
website at www.statelessness.eu
See chapter 4 of this Toolkit – the Table of Treaty Ratifications – for a full
list of state parties to the 1954 Convention and other key treaties
Readers are also encouraged to look at other resources such as the
statelessness page of UNHCR’s Refworld and the European Network on
Statelessness site
Article 1(1). 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
(adopted 28 September 1954) 360 UNTS
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of
Stateless Persons (2014), para 23
For a definition and explanation on the correct use of the term de facto
statelessness see ibid., p 5
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the
Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers
and Alternatives to Detention (2012), para 5
1
The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons
from Arbitrary Detention (2012) Guideline 25, p 16. For the international law
basis for this definition, please see pages 76 – 81 of the Commentary to the
ERT Guidelines
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the
Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers
and Alternatives to Detention (2012), Guideline 4, point 18
For more detailed overviews of the UN framework, see this Dag
Hammarskjöld Library Research Guide and this OHCHR overview of
human rights bodies
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The Case Law of the
European Regional Courts: The Court of Justice of the European Union and
the European Court of Human Rights Refugees, asylum-seekers, and stateless
persons (UNHCR, 2015), p 20
Some rights under the ICCPR are reserved for citizens only, such as the
right to vote or to stand for election (art 15(b))
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of
Stateless Persons (2014), para 8
Ibid, para 8
Ibid, para 122
Ibid, para 115
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28
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42
Ibid, para 146
Ibid, para 83
Auad v Bulgaria [2011] Application no 46390/10 (ECtHR)
Ibid, para 130
Okonkwo v Austria [2001] Application no 35117/97 (ECtHR), p 3
European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in
Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns
Directive) L 348/98 (2008)
The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons
from Arbitrary Detention (2012)
European Network on Statelessness (ENS), ‘Strategic Litigation: An
Obligation for Statelessness Determination under the European
Convention on Human Rights?’ European Network on Statelessness
Discussion Paper 09/14 (2014) p 12
Ibid, p 4
See ENS Good Practice Guide on Statelessness Determination and the
Protection Status of Stateless Persons (2013)
UN General Assembly (UNGA), Body of Principles for the Protection of All
Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (1988) Resolution A/
RES/43/173
A v Australia [1997] Communication No 560/1993 (HRC) UN Doc
CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, para 9(4)
Ibid, para 9(2)
FKGA v Australia [2011] Communication No 2094/2011 (HRC) UN Doc
CCPR/C/108/D/2094/2011, para 9(3)
UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on
Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/
HRC/13/30, para 59
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of
Stateless Persons (2014), para 112
Ibid, para 113
Saadi v United Kingdom [2008] Application no 13229/03 (ECtHR), para 43
Agee v United Kingdom [1976] application no 7729/76 (ECommHR); Amuur
v France [1996] Application no 19776/92 (ECtHR)
Dougoz v Greece [2001] application no 40907/98 (ECtHR)
Bozano v France [1986] application no 9990/82 (ECtHR); Conka v Belgium,
[2002] application no 51564/99 (ECtHR)
Winterwerp v the Netherlands [1979] application no 6301/73 (ECtHR);
Bouamar v Belgium, [1988] application no 9106/80 (ECtHR), para 50
Vasileva v Denmark, [2003] application no 52792/99 (ECtHR), para 37
European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and