NO SAFE HAVEN step forwards for refugees’ access to education, several challenges remain, not least that it is still unclear whether the Myanmar government will agree to accreditation of the curriculum. Even once the pilot is operational, hundreds of thousands of students will still unable to access to quality, comprehensive education. In response to the gaps in formal education opportunities, small networks of community educators have emerged, made up of well‑educated Rohingya refugees and often financially supported by the diaspora. These networks have sought to provide education to children of all age groups, usually through private learning centres or madrasas, often using the Myanmar curriculum, which is refugees’ preferred curriculum.97 However, these networks have struggled with limited financial resources, access to materials, and lack of teachers and training.98 In addition, the legal status of their activities remains unclear, and, as a result, many operate discreetly – at times suspending their work in the event of security concerns.99 The COVID-19 pandemic has further impacted children’s access to education. From March 2020, in an attempt to contain the virus, all learning centres in the camps were closed (as were schools across the country). As of April 2021, these learning centres remained closed, meaning that students have missed out on more than a year of education. The closure of learning centres has repercussions beyond further restricting children’s access to education. Children who usually attend classes have no longer been receiving nutritious meals daily, which can have a devastating impact on their physical development.100 Learning centres can also provide important respite from the stresses of family life, and can reduce the risk of domestic violence, as well as providing important routine and structure for children who have experienced trauma. Their closure will have exacerbated problems for these children. PROTECTION CONCERNS Rohingya children living in the refugee camps in Bangladesh face a range of protection concerns. Confined in the camps, with restricted movement and limited opportunities, they are vulnerable to physical and domestic violence, depression and other mental health issues, drug and alcohol use, and involvement in petty crime. Girls are especially at risk of sexual exploitation and early marriage or being trafficked to other countries for arranged 16 marriages. The ban on refugees being able to work has severe adverse impacts on families’ socio-economic situation, especially if relatives are arrested and detained. Lack of access to income generating opportunities exposes children to child labour and human trafficking, and can also lead to involvement in criminal activities, which in turn place children at risk of arrest and detention. Many of these concerns have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since March 2020, the Bangladeshi government has limited movement into and within the refugee camps, as well as the wider Cox’s Bazar District and all activities other than critical, life-saving services were suspended. Child protection activities, counselling and psychosocial support, and mediation and legal support services all ground to a halt, placing already vulnerable children at increased risk. The situation was compounded by a suspension of mobile internet access in the camps until August 2020, which increased challenges in monitoring the situation. As of April 2021, the second wave of COVID-19 had hit Bangladesh with the number of people testing and the number of deaths nearly doubled the number reported in June 2020 at the first wave. Fortunately, the infection rate in the Rohingya refugee camps has remained low and refugees have so far been spared the effects of an outbreak. However, the government – which had begun relaxing restrictions on aid and assistance – has again suspended all humanitarian services. Once again, only ‘critical services’ are allowed, meaning that children do not have access to key protection activities, counselling and legal support services. In recent months, fire has become a serious threat for all refugees after a major blaze displaced more than 48,000 refugees and burnt their homes to ashes.101 At least 11 people were killed and hundreds injured in the blaze. The incident and other fires have highlighted concerns about fencing around the refugee camps, which not only restrict Rohingya people’s freedom of movement, but may also have prevented refugees escaping to safety when the fire broke out.102 Another major child protection issue is the number of unaccompanied and separated children living in the camps. According to the UN, as of September 2019, there were more than 8,500 such children.103 Reasons for family separation vary; however, it often occurs while families are fleeing conflict, or when one or more relatives travel to other