A/HRC/42/60/Add.1 Human Development Index which is a composite of health, education and living standards, which evidences strong improvement for Cambodia since 1990.20 13. Previous reports and country visits of the Special Rapporteur have sought to identify the most vulnerable and marginalised groups who are at risk of being left behind during Cambodia’s ongoing rapid sustained development. An illustrative sample is discussed hereafter. What is apparent, is that these people are often amongst the poorest and most marginalised in society. Understanding the links between poverty and social determinants offers windows into pathways for redressing the inequalities, promoting an inclusive society and ensuring no one is left behind. C. Links with poverty and social determinants 14. Addressing those left behind is not straightforward. Poverty is frequently a factor. A disproportionate number of those likely to be left behind are in poverty or near poverty. There are numerous indices and measurements of poverty, some of which are not accepted as accurate reflections by the Royal Government. Irrespective of the measurement used, there is no dispute that there are still people in Cambodia living in poverty and near poverty. 15. Just as international human rights are indivisible, interdependent and interrelated, so too are the causes of, and indeed solutions to, poverty and marginalisation. Understanding key intersections is important when seeking to redress exclusion and inequalities. 21 In turn that requires disaggregated data. SDG Indicator 1.1.122 highlights that target 1.1 on eradicating extreme poverty measured as people living on less than USD 1.25 per day can be supported by identifying the proportion of the population below the international poverty line by sex, age, employment status and geographical status (rural/urban). The second target and indicator 1.2.2 references the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. That figure must be halved. The Royal Government has committed to achieving more than one percentage point reduction in the poverty incidence annually. 23 UNDP note that such a reduction (measured by the Cambodian national poverty line) would significantly reduce extreme poverty. 24 Understanding disparities in lived experiences (and more pertinently the reasons for such disparities) can assist with efforts to bring people from behind. Both quantitative and qualitative data is needed and the Government is reminded that this is a situation in which civil society organisations may be able to contribute relevant data and field knowledge. 16. Intersecting grounds of discrimination often map onto multidimensional indices of poverty.25 Multidimensional poverty is ‘much more intense’ in rural areas, 26 a finding of relevance to Cambodia. There is a clear link to social determinants of poverty, including health,27 adequate standard of living,28 education,29 fair work30 and wellbeing, each of which is tabulated in core international human rights treaties which Cambodia has voluntarily accepted. 17. The multidimensional poverty index has three principal dimensions - health, education and living standards - all equally weighted. Ten indications map on to these three 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 CSDG Framework 2016-2030 p11/12; see also http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-developmentindex-hdi, Cambodia is ranked 146 (http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/KHM) with an HDI value of 0.582 and a 19.2 co-efficient of inequality. For example, see CERD GC32 para 7. UN SDG indicators from A/RES/71/313 (2017) Annex. National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 p118, plan being extended for another four years. UNDP, Rapid Integration Assessment: Cambodia SDG Profile Card p1. Eg UNDP Global Multidimensional Poverty Index, http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-MPI. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (2018) Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2018: The Most Detailed Picture To Date of the World’s Poorest People, 2nd ed University of Oxford, UK, pXI. Article 12 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 11 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 13 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 7 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 7