3. At the regional level, HRDs have worked collectively through coalitions and networks to influence political and human rights agendas. This has contributed to the development of roadmaps, declarations and model laws that recognise the urgency of eradicating statelessness and the importance of equal nationality rights. By linking national struggles to regional frameworks, HRDs amplify their impact and generate momentum for reform. 4. At the international level, HRDs bring the perspectives of stateless communities to global forums. They make submissions to UN treaty bodies, engage Special Rapporteurs and participate in Human Rights Council sessions, ensuring that statelessness is addressed as a human rights concern. Their participation in international advocacy spaces has been instrumental in raising the visibility of statelessness and situating the right to a nationality within broader human rights and development agendas. 5. HRDs working on statelessness also play a critical role in building solidarity and reshaping narratives. By humanising statelessness and connecting it to broader struggles for racial justice, gender equality and minority rights, they have expanded public understanding and mobilised support for reform. In doing so, their efforts strengthen not only the statelessness movement, but also the wider human rights movement. Their work is indispensable to advancing equality, inclusion and justice for all. Risks and challenges faced by HRDs working on statelessness 6. HRDs working on statelessness face severe and unique risks. These risks arise both from the hostile contexts in which many operate and the precarious legal, social and economic position of stateless people themselves. Harassment, hate speech and stigmatisation 7. Statelessness intersects with entrenched racism, sexism and xenophobia. HRDs who challenge these injustices are often targeted for smear campaigns, which can escalate to threats of physical harm. Women HRDs and minority community activists have been subjected to online abuse and threats designed to delegitimize their work and intimidate them into silence. 8. Hate speech, often propagated through social media, has been weaponised to incite violence and persecution against communities such as Rohingya. Reports indicate that Facebook's algorithms amplified anti-Rohingya content, fuelling violence and displacement. Despite calls for accountability, no cases have been brought against known disseminators, while HRDs face legal repercussions for their freedom of expression. Intimidation, criminalisation and violence 9. HRDs working to expose human rights violations against stateless people frequently face direct retaliation from both state and non-state actors. Police harassment and punitive action are common in some contexts. Alarmingly, some States have increasingly used deprivation of nationality as a tool to punish and silence HRDs. These reprisals not only endanger individual HRDs but create a broader climate of fear to deter advocacy. 2