Designed cover image: Mamunur Rashid, Shutterstock First published 2025 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2025 Natalie Brinham The right of Natalie Brinham to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis. com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. Funded by Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Any third party material in this book is not included in the OA Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Please direct any permissions enquiries to the original rightsholder. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Brinham, Natalie, author. Title: Citizenship and genocide cards : IDs, statelessness, and Rohingya Resistance in Myanmar / Natalie Brinham. Description: Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2024. | Series: Crimes of the powerful | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2024031821 (print) | LCCN 2024031822 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032799254 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032799261 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003494539 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Citizenship—Burma. | Identification cards—Law and legislation—Burma. | Statelessness—Burma. | Genocide—Law and legislation—Burma. | Rohingya (Burmese people)—Crimes against. | Rohingya (Burmese people)—Legal status, laws, etc.—Burma. Classification: LCC KNL2140 .B75 2024 (print) | LCC KNL2140 (ebook) | DDC 342.59108/3—dc23/eng/20240716 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024031821 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024031822 ISBN: 978-1-032-79925-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-79926-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-49453-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003494539 Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC