Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations Identity documents 1 Introduction: IDs for Rohingya: ‘pathways to citizenship’ or ‘instruments of genocide’? xi xii xiii 1 2 Papers, cards, and perilous encounters with the state: identity documents, oral histories, and state crime research 19 3 By-passing state power and neutralising state bureaucracies in international approaches to statelessness 37 4 State power and identification schemes in Rakhine: from the British colonial period to Burma’s independence68 5 IDs as evidence of state crime and artefacts from the early decades of independence 98 6 Genocide and identity destruction in Rohingya ID narratives 133 7 ‘Genocide cards’: IDs, registration, and the phases of Rohingya genocide 155