The war ended in 1949 when armistice agreements were signed with Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. Israel then established a military government with multiple sites in order to control the Palestinian population remaining inside what became Israel and to prevent the return of Palestinian refugees.44 Freedoms of expression Qalandia refugee camp, 1956 (©UNRWA) and movement were severely restricted, and Palestinians were confined to controlled areas. Returnees – referred to as “infiltrators” under Israel’s 1954 Law for the Prevention of Infiltration – which is still in effect today and has even expanded the definition of “infiltrators” from Palestinians and Arab nationals to all people crossing into 1948 Palestine irregularly45 – were either killed or transported to the border and expelled.46 Israel subsequently adopted a web of new land laws to facilitate the expropriation of refugee property and its transfer to the state and the JNF, while it continued to expel Palestinians from their homes and lands. Between 1949 and 1966, Israel expropriated some 700 km² of land from Palestinians who remained within the territory of the new state.47 In this period, Israel expelled 15 percent of the remaining Palestinian population, resulting in approximately 195,000 total Palestinians remaining, including 35,000 to 45,000 Palestinians internally displaced in 1948 Palestine.48 44 Jiryis, Arabs in Israel (n 22), 10. For more information on Israel’s anti-“infiltrator” laws, see BADIL, Forced Population Transfer: The Case of Palestine - Denial of Reparations (BADIL 2018), 28-32 [hereinafter BADIL, Denial of Reparations] <http://www.badil.org/ phocadownloadpap/badil-new/publications/research/working-papers/WP22-Reparations-of-Reparations.pdf> accessed 3 October 2022. 46 Benny Morris, Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–56 (Clarendon Press 1993), 39 and 152 [hereinafter Morris, Israel’s Border Wars]. 47 Israeli Foreign Ministry reports indicate that some 17,000 Bedouin were expelled from the Naqab between 1949 and 1953; see Simon and Vermeersch, ‘Investigation Report’ UNA DAG-13/3.3.1–18, cited in Morris, Israel’s Border Wars (n 46), 170. 48 Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, ‘Statistical Abstract of Israel 2001 - No.52’ (ICBS, 11 September 2001) <https:// www.cbs.gov.il/en/publications/Pages/2001/Statistical-Abstract-of-Israel-2001-No52.aspx> accessed 3 October 2022; For the population of Palestine, see ‘Table 2.18 – The Population of Palestine by Religion, 1870 to 1946’ in McCarthy (n 7), 37. 45 9 Chapter 1 1.1.3. Third Wave: Israeli Military Rule Inside 1948 Palestine (1949-1966)