plan, the signing of the Accords, formalized the territorial fragmentation of Palestinian lands,116 and intensified the restriction of movement. With the Palestinian people in the West Bank concentrated in areas designated as A and B, and completely surrounded by lands designated Area C,117 colonizers could navigate the West Bank largely on an Israelicontrolled road network without any impediments. In short, “[t]he Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO facilitated the implementation of Israel’s segregated road system.”118 • Roads and Tunnels Plan (2004): by the start of the Second Intifada, Israel had restricted Palestinian use of over 730 km of roads in the West Bank,119 with its extensive investment in the development of bypass roads. Also called the ‘Continuous Movement Plan’, this plan consolidated the separation between Palestinians and Israeli-Jews by means of bridges and interchanges, allowing the latter to travel on high speed roads and restricting Palestinians to slower travel on so-called “fabric of life” roads. “[…] By providing settlers and Palestinians with two separate [road] networks in the West Bank, segregation became the rationale of this new infrastructural arrangement.”120 This involved a systematic process of expropriation and re-articulation of the traditional Palestinian road network and the larger geography of the West Bank.121 In turn, it allowed Israeli-Jewish colonies to establish geographic continuity, while Palestinian cities depended on connections through tunnels.122 Since 1967, Israel has built at least 800 km of bypass roads in the occupied West Bank, and until today, this construction is not abating.123 In October 116 As Ahmad Jaber states it: “… during the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian negotiators themselves contributed to the segregation and fragmentation of Palestinian cities and villages. Due to their lack of knowledge and unfamiliarity with the cities, the areas, and their inner mechanisms, they did not help connect one city to another, but actually did the complete opposite. These negotiators were perhaps unaware of the Accords’ consequences and how they would stimulate unprecedented fragmentation in the West Bank.” Ahmad Jaber, Director on the General Union of Transport Workers in Palestine, Bethlehem-Dheisha Camp, interview conducted by BADIL, 28 November 2019. 117 Issac, supra 114. 118 Nadia Hijab and Jesse Rosenfeld, “Palestinian Roads: Cementing Statehood, or Israeli Annexation?,” Nation, 30 April 2010, available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/palestinian-roadscementing-statehood-or-israeli-annexation/ [accessed 28 February 2020]. 119 Issac, supra 114. 120 Salamanca, supra 59. 121 Salamanca, supra 59. 122 Hani Al Masri, “Jerusalem Is Lost and to Rescue It We Need More Than Words” [Arabic], Masarat, 9 May 2009 available at: https://bit.ly/33lzXcd [accessed 28 February 2020]. 123 Who Profits The Israeli Occupation Industry, “Roads and Infrastructure Nabi Elyas Bypass Road (Highway 55),” webpage, January 2018, available at: https://whoprofits.org/updates/roads-andinfrastructure-nabi-elyas-bypass-road-highway-55/ [accessed 28 February 2020]. 37