29. As detailed above, Viet Nam has made significant efforts towards universal birth registration47 and birth registration rates in Viet Nam are relatively high by global standards.48 30. However, marginalised and disadvantaged groups continue to experience significant barriers in accessing birth registration - increasing statelessness risks amongst these communities.49 For example, the following are some of the populations in in Viet Nam that are at risk of non-registration of births: 30.1. children born in remote and hard to reach rural areas, 50 30.2. children born to ethnic and religious minorities,51 30.3. street children in urban areas of Viet Nam,52 30.4. undocumented migrant families who do not hold a “household registration book” (and are not registered with the “household registration system”),53 30.5. children born to parents who are not married, including parents who are under the legal age of marriage (18 years of age),54 30.6. children born with two older siblings (the unofficial “two-child policy” in Viet Nam and associated social stigma against families with more than two children, can also result in families not registering children born if they are not their first or second born),55 and 30.7. children of disputed nationality (including those living amongst the mountainous region of Viet Nam the borders China, Cambodia and Laos PDR and those born to fathers of foreign nationality).56 47 UNICEF, Unequal at Birth – Disparities in Birth Registration in East Asia and the Pacific (2015) UNICEF <https://www.unicef.org/eapro/Unequal_at_Birth_UNICEF_EAP.pdf>. 48 Ibid. 49 Plan International, ‘Birth Registration and Children’s Rights: A Complex Story’ (May 2014) Plan International, 26 <https://www.planinternational.be/sites/default/files/201709/birth_registration_and_childrens_rights_full_report_1.pdf>. 50 Thanh Huong, Getting feedback from citizen to improve birth registration services in Viet Nam (29 April 2016) UNICEF <http://unicefvietnam.blogspot.com/2016/04/getting-feedback-from-citizen-to.html>. 51 Ibid. 52 UNHCR, above n 22. 53 Plan International, above, n 49. 54 Ibid. 55 Ibid, 27. 56 Ibid. 10