A/HRC/23/23 Family Code was reformed in 2002. Following the amendments to the nationality code, awareness-raising activities were organized to inform women about changes in the law. 69. Following the amendments to nationality provisions in Egypt, civil society engaged in a variety of activities, including monitoring the implementation of the new code at both the executive and judicial levels. Campaign activists also sought and obtained favourable court rulings against discriminatory practices in the implementation of the law. 57 70. Other strategies employed by civil society include establishing broad partnerships; bilateral meetings with members of Parliament and the Government; theatre performances, roundtables, workshops and petitions; field studies as advocacy tools to provide relevant stakeholders with first-hand data on the extent and forms of suffering endured by women and their families; protests and sits-in; and using new technologies, sometimes with support from international non-governmental organizations, to raise awareness and collect signatures.58 71. Civil society in countries such as Malaysia and Jordan have also engaged with international human rights mechanisms, such as the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and submitted alternative reports and other relevant information to promote their cause when their States were examined.59 VII. Conclusions and recommendations 72. The right to nationality is a fundamental right for everyone – women, men and children – and must be regarded as such by all States. Equal nationality rights are an essential dimension of ensuring women’s human rights and crucial to preventing statelessness. The discretion of States to confer nationality on their citizens is limited by international law, in particular by international human rights law. Constitutions and nationality laws must therefore ensure the full enjoyment of women’s equal right to nationality and introduce safeguards to prevent statelessness. Despite positive developments in some countries, nationality laws in many others still discriminate against women. Women and men do not enjoy equal rights to acquire, change and retain their nationality, and are not allowed to transfer nationality to their children or spouses on the same basis. Discrimination against women in nationality-related matters is still prevalent in law and practice. OHCHR therefore recommends that States and other stakeholders: (a) Withdraw all reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women that impede women’s enjoyment of their nationality rights on the same basis as men, in particular their reservations to article 9, and ratify relevant international human rights instruments, including the optional protocols providing for individual complaints. (b) Remove all provisions in Constitutions and nationality laws that discriminate against women, thereby ensuring full equality between men and women regarding the acquisition, change and retention of their nationality. In particular, States should ensure that marriage to a foreigner or a change to the husband’s nationality during marriage will not automatically change the nationality of the wife, 57 58 59 16 Collective for Research and Training on Development – Action Nationality Campaign. See for example the contribution of KARAMA/Arab Women Organisation in Jordan and “My mother is Jordanian” campaign (see footnote 47). Contributions of Women’s Aid Organisation (Malaysia) and United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.