A/HRC/60/20 increase from 13.3 million in 2024. 10 That deterioration was the result of compounding shocks, including the devastating impacts of Typhoon Yagi in September 2024 and the March 2025 earthquake, persistent inflation and military operations that have destroyed agricultural lands and displaced millions, disrupting livelihoods across the country. 31. Of utmost concern, food prices soared to record levels. In 2024, the cost of an average diet rose by almost 30 per cent, outpacing wage growth and eroding purchasing power, particularly in urban areas, where poverty rose as food affordability deteriorated, with a drop in real household incomes of 15 per cent in urban areas compared with 4 per cent in rural areas.11 During the reporting period, rice prices increased by 87 per cent in Chin State, 72 per cent in Shan State and over 50 per cent in Sagaing Region.12 Limited food accessibility and availability have been most pronounced in the conflict-affected central regions and ethnic states due to restrictions on and challenges regarding transportation, blockades of goods, including agricultural equipment and fertilizers, the presence of landmines and unexploded ordnance and the collapse of market chains. 32. In northern Rakhine and Chin States, logistical disruptions, roadblocks and insecurity cut off entire townships, leading to shortages of such essential goods as rice, cooking oil and animal feed. In Chin State, food accessibility was particularly constrained and prices of such staples as rice, pulses and cooking oil have been the second highest in 2025 13 after Sagaing Region. Transport and logistics issues, including movement restrictions and damaged infrastructure, have made it nearly impossible for many to obtain fresh produce and other staples. Dietary diversity has declined significantly, reflecting diminished access to food and indicating a broader deterioration in socioeconomic conditions. Chin, Rakhine and Kachin States were particularly affected by the erosion of food security, raising serious concerns about the right to health, as malnutrition has particularly detrimental impacts on women and children. 33. Female-headed households were most frequently landless and reliant on daily labour, making them among the most food-insecure groups. Women have reportedly also resorted to negative coping strategies, such as borrowing money, selling assets, reducing food consumption14 or becoming sex workers, with heightened risks of exploitation. Conflict and displacement have further limited women’s access to income-generating opportunities, increasing their vulnerability to abuse, exploitation, gender-based violence and starvation. 34. Humanitarian agencies have estimated that, in 2025, 12.9 million people would require emergency food assistance and 11.5 million would need agricultural and livelihood support. With only 12 per cent of the 2025 United Nations humanitarian response plan funded as of May 2025, humanitarian actors have had to reprioritize and focus only on the most urgent life-saving needs and could reach fewer people in need overall. Continued conflict, political instability ahead of elections planned by the military and the impact of natural disasters risk further deepening the crisis and exacerbating an already critical humanitarian situation. IV. Human rights situation of Rohingya Muslims 35. Hostilities in Rakhine State have escalated since November 2023, creating profound protection concerns for communities of all ethnicities, including the Rohingya. According to open sources, at least 1,633 conflict-related incidents occurred during the reporting period, including 409 air strikes and 274 artillery barrages. Credible sources verified 374 civilian casualties, almost certainly an underestimation. Extending its control steadily over nearly all of Rakhine State, the Arakan Army captured the Western Military Command in December 2024 and expanded its offensive into neighbouring Magway, Bago and Ayeyarwady Regions. 10 See https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=MMR. See https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/de1e5461-c020-48ff-bd8ff567b50c7d56/content. 12 See https://fpma.fao.org/giews/fpmat4/#/dashboard/tool/domestic. 13 Ibid. 14 World Bank Group, Myanmar: Agricultural Resilience amid Deepening Food Insecurity, Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring Report, June 2024, p. 2. 11 7