A/HRC/60/20 protection concerns and disproportionately affected. humanitarian needs, with women and children 56. Escalations of hostilities in Rakhine State resulted in numerous civilian deaths and hundreds of thousands displaced, with a large portion suffering from repeated instances of displacement. Videos and photos from the first part of the reporting period showed death, destruction and desperation, similar to images from 2017. During that period, members of the Rohingya community were caught between the military and the Arakan Army and systematically abused by both parties. As the Arakan Army took control of northern Rakhine, it became the main perpetrator of human rights abuses against the Rohingya. Killings, forced recruitment, displacement, disappearances, arrests, burnings, extortion, looting and the occupation of properties occurred regularly across northern Rakhine, causing hundreds of deaths and immense suffering. Due to military blockades, humanitarian access remained severely restricted and basic needs, such as food, medicine and shelter, largely unmet. That aggravated the situation of all communities and that of the Rohingya in particular, who struggled to survive while facing emergency levels of food insecurity. 57. While different in scale and intensity, civilians in Myanmar faced violations and abuses by anti-military armed groups, including extrajudicial killings of individuals perceived to be affiliated with the military, indiscriminate attacks, including through the use of landmines, resulting in civilian deaths and damage to or the destruction of protected objects, and forced recruitment. 58. All parties acted with near complete impunity, enabling the recurrence of violations in an endless cycle of suffering for the civilian population. In the light of the above findings, the High Commissioner reiterates his previous calls for a full referral of the situation in Myanmar to the International Criminal Court by the Security Council and calls upon the Myanmar military: (a) To cease immediately all violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, including attacks directed against civilians and civilian objects such as schools, hospitals, religious sites and camps for displaced persons, in compliance with Security Council resolution 2669 (2022); (b) To allow and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded passage to civilians in need of humanitarian relief that is impartial in character and conducted without any adverse distinction, and to lift restrictions on the delivery of food, medicine, essential supplies and telecommunications; (c) To end all forms of conscription, including of Rohingya, that are incompatible with international human rights law; (d) To release all political prisoners without further delay and to ensure effective remedies for others arbitrarily deprived of liberty, including for evading or refusing conscription. 59. The High Commissioner recommends that the National Unity Government, ethnic armed organizations and anti-military armed groups: (a) Cease all violations of international humanitarian law and violations and abuses of international human rights law; (b) Take specific steps to respect and guarantee the protection of civilians, including by refraining from extrajudicial killings and ensuring that violations and abuses are transparently addressed in a timely manner through fair and credible accountability mechanisms and that victims can obtain remedy and reparations; (c) Cease all practices of forced recruitment, particularly with regard to children, whose release they should immediately effectuate. 60. The High Commissioner recommends that the Arakan Army: (a) Cease immediately all forms of forced recruitment of Rohingya and ensure the highest possible level of protection of civilians, including the Rohingya population; 13