protected by the UDHR, ICCPR, and other human rights treaties as well as under customary law.22 IHRL is the applicable framework within Israel, and as such, Palestinian citizens of Israel are entitled to the rights enshrined in this body of law, including the UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR, to which Israel is signatory, as well as the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, for they constitute a minority group inside Israel. The applicability of the law enforcement paradigm in the oPt has not been put into question by the international community or the majority of experts, and therefore, the law enforcement paradigm provides the legal framework through which to explore the legality of the Israeli policies and practices in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.23 This means that when suppressing Palestinian resistance, Israel must follow the same rules as security and police forces anywhere else in the world.24 Protests, demonstrations, clashes or other public disturbances, even when weapons are used, do not reach the threshold of hostilities.25 In the law enforcement paradigm, both IHL and IHRL govern the policing of the territory by the occupying power. As neither Article 43 of the Hague Regulations nor Article 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention provide specific details about the use of force,26 measures of force used by the occupying power are entirely regulated by IHRL, notwithstanding the obligations of Israel to maintain public order and safety derived from IHL. Under the law enforcement paradigm, the use of force is only justified where there is a concrete and imminent risk to life, meaning that the use of force always needs to be necessary and proportional. The applicability of the law enforcement paradigm is put into question when there is a situation of protracted armed violence that has reached a certain level of intensity. In the case of the Gaza Strip, there are different opinions regarding which paradigm is applicable in the case of the 2008-09, 2012 and 2014 wars on the Gaza Strip. Outside those armed conflicts, the law enforcement paradigm regulates the use of force against Palestinian residents of the Gaza Strip. While a general consensus does not exist, many experts agree that when the violence is high and there is a lack of effective 22 Ibid. 23 Diakona International Humanitarian Law Resource Centre, Law Enforcement under Occupation: The Case of Willful Killings in the West Bank, August 2015, page 6. Available at: https://www.diakonia.se/ globalassets/blocks-ihl-site/ihl-file-list/ihl---briefs/the-case-of-willful-killings-in-the-west-bank.pdf 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26 Article 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention regulates the penal legislation of the occupied territory 15