Nationality not Naturalization - The Rights of Lebanese Women to Full Citizenship and to Confer their Nationality to their Children mothers married to foreigners, such as the requirement that a person be Lebanese for more than ten years, such as the Bar Association, Veterinary Association, Syndicate of Midwives ----) or that the person proves they are licensed to practice the profession in their home country. This is impossible for children who cannot obtain nationality from their father or whose fathers are stateless and for many who have only lived and studied in Lebanon. Because Lebanese children of and spouses married to Lebanese women are treated as foreigners, they are caught up in broad Ministry of Labour decisions targeting foreigners. These decisions include the 2017 Ministry of Labour effort to crack down on shops and institutions run and operated by non-Lebanese, widely understood to target Syrians. “For some work positions, they prefer to have a Lebanese national, which excludes me,” said Layal. “I don’t apply for a position that says it prefers a Lebanese national,” Nawal, a Lebanese citizen, married to a Frenchman, said her son Ziad “tried to apply for jobs after graduating, but they wouldn’t take him because he’d be an additional expense to them.” Here we review the conditions imposed by certain professions for naturalized persons to work on Lebanese territory for at least five years under special laws, including: Pharmacy law: A naturalized pharmacist is required to have had at least five years’ de facto residence in Lebanon after their naturalization and prior to applying for a license to practice the profession. Practice of legal profession: Article 5 of the Law 8/1970 stipulates that anyone intending to practice law be Lebanese for at least ten years. It is necessary to point out here that the Beirut Bar Association refused to accept the training of a naturalized person under the 1994 Decree for fear of subsequent withdrawal of nationality.60 Moreover, naturalized applicants for membership in the Bar Association were required to obtain a paper proving that their Lebanese nationality was not contested. Dentistry: Legislative Decree 74 of 9 September 1983 does not allow a dentist who has nationality from an Arab country from practising dentistry in Lebanon until five years after acquiring nationality and proving residency throughout this period without interruption in the country. General medicine: The law enforced by Decree 1658 of 17 January 1979 grants a doctor who acquired Lebanese nationality a license to practise general medicine as soon as they obtain nationality, provided that the conditions and qualifications required by the Lebanese doctor are fulfilled. A license to practice medicine is also granted to a non-Lebanese doctor of Arab States if, among other conditions, he or she is affiliated with a country that allows the Lebanese doctor to practice his or her profession. The license shall also be granted to a non-Lebanese doctor of all nationalities if they meet the conditions and qualifications required of the Lebanese doctor and has a nationality of a country that applies reciprocity. Nursing profession: The Law regulating the Nursing Practice in Lebanon, promulgated by Decree 1655 of 17 January 1979, stipulates that no one may practise as a licensed nurse, nurse or assistant nurse unless they meet several conditions, the first of which is to be Lebanese. Concerning the non-Lebanese nurse who is authorized to practice the profession in his or her country and is sent by an international body, organization or institution authorized to work in Lebanon, the practice is within the scope of the task entrusted to him or her. Besides, a non-Lebanese nurse who is a member of educational bodies in nursing schools in Lebanon may also practice the nursing profession in Lebanon under the following two conditions: (1) be licensed to practice the nursing profession in their country, and (2) have signed a draft contract of employment with a nursing school in Lebanon under which they teach full-time nursing and shall not be entitled to receive an additional wage to their basic salary, on their own account, for any professional work performed in or outside the school.61 Non-Lebanese nurses may practice nursing training in Lebanon provided that they are licensed to practice the profession of nursing in their countries and pass the colloquium exam conducted by the Ministry of National Education and Fine Arts. They must sign a draft contract of employment for a certain period with a hospital in Lebanon on a full-time basis and are not entitled to receive additional wages on their own salaries for any professional work performed inside or outside the school.62 The law regulating nursing practice in Lebanon stipulates that the proportion of nurses in each teaching school or training hospital must not exceed 20 per cent. Engineering profession: Article 3 of the Law of 22 January 1951 on the practice of engineering stipulates that a naturalized Lebanese engineer is required to have had at least five years’ de facto residence in Lebanon without interruption after their naturalization and prior to their application for occupation. Organization of State services: (Legislative Decree 13 of 7 January 1953) Article 9 of this Decree stipulates that no one is accepted in a public office unless several conditions are met, the first of which is to be Lebanese for at least ten years. Judiciary: (Legislative Decree 150 of 16 September 1983) Article 61 of the Judicial Justice Law stipulates that every candidate to participate in the competition must be Lebanese for more than ten years. Rules of Procedure for colleges for Primary and Complementary Teachers: (Decision 233 of 2 May 1962): Article 10 of this system stipulates for the participation conditions in the competition to enter teachers ’colleges and primary school teachers to be Lebanese for at least ten years. 15