representative estimates from the KIHBS data are compared to population figures from the Shona SES data to enable comparisons of socioeconomic indicators between the Shona and Kenyan populations. Comparisons between the Shona and nationals were done at the urban level, thus the national rural sample at the national and Kiambu county levels was dropped from the analysis (Table B.2). Therefore, Shona urban households in Kiambu and Nairobi were compared to urban national households in such counties. P-values from one-sample t-tests to test for differences between the KIHBS estimates and the known Shona population values are shown throughout the main report. Confidence intervals (95 percent) are also provided for figures based on the national estimates. 48.  Poverty is measured by comparing the household aggregate consumption expenditure to the national urban poverty line. The measure of household consumption expenditure consists of the sum of two components—food and nonfood consumption. The food consumption component includes food items that were consumed over a seven-day period, with data collected according to the respondent’s recall. The nonfood component of the aggregate includes consumption expenditures on energy, education, and other nonfood items such as clothing, footwear, and transport, etc. Recording any purchase of these items is based on the recall periods of either one month, three months, or one year, depending on how frequently the respective item is reasonably expected to be used. Rent amounts are also collected in the survey and included in the nonfood component. While actual rent values are used for those reporting rent, for missing household rent, rent is computed by using the regression coefficients from the 2015/16 KIHBS model on the Shona SES household characteristics. To construct the nonfood aggregate, all reported amounts are converted to the same reference period of one week and then aggregated for each household. Both the nominal food and nonfood consumption components are converted to the same reference period of one month and then adjusted for spatial differences in cost of living using the Paasche price index from 2015/16 KIHBS for Nairobi and Kiambu counties. Finally, the aggregate consumption expenditures are deflated to 2015/16 using the Kenya Consumer Price Index (CPI) to make it comparable to the 2015/16 Kenya poverty line. International poverty line and the Kenyan national poverty lines 49.  The international poverty line, currently set at US$1.90, is the universal standard for measuring extreme global poverty. It is calculated by taking the poverty threshold from each country and then converting it into dollars. It provides a consistent way of measuring poverty across countries. On the other hand, the national poverty line is mostly used for comparing poverty measures within a country. The current Kenya national poverty line was calculated with the 2015/16 KIHBS following the Cost of Basic Need (CBN) method. The CBN method defines a consumption bundle required to meet one’s basic consumption needs. The cost of this consumption bundle is then estimated using reference prices for either rural or urban prices. Thus, unlike the international poverty line which does not differentiate between urban and rural, there are two national poverty lines, the urban poverty line of K Sh 5,995 and rural poverty line of K Sh 3,252. In the classification of urban and rural households in the poverty estimation, KIHBS classifies peri-urban households as being rural because the socioeconomic conditions of these households are closer to their rural counterparts than the core urban counterparts. The opposite is observed in the Shona study where peri-urban households are similar to core-­urban than rural; hence, they are classified as urban. While the national urban poverty line includes rent in Appendixes 10183_Shona Report.indd 37  37 12/14/20 2:56 PM