EU Citizenship Needs a Stronger Social Dimension and Soft Duties 197 Table 1 Enhancing EU social citizenship Compensating the stayers: - EU Fund to ease the impact of mobility Enabling the stayers: A system of (transferable) universal vouchers for mobility/upskilling purposes - Autonomising the movers: - EU social insurance scheme for mobile workers Universal empowerment and protection - A social card for access to the whole range of EU funded facilitating services - Enhancing the visibility and salience of the Global Adjustment Fund, the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived Persons (FEAD) and of the various initiatives of the European Social Fund - An EU Fund against cyclical unemployment - An EU insurance against the victims of terrorism and persons injured in the line of duty - Enhancing and making more visible the external protections linked to the EU passport Table 2 Possible forms of EU citizenship duties Financial duties: - An earmarked contribution for ‘Social Europe’ (or the European Social Union, or any of the socially oriented EU funds) as a voluntary option when compiling national tax forms (e.g. Italy’s cinquepermille system) - Fees for the issuing/renewal of the EU social card and the EU passport (explicitly earmarked for their ‘protective’ functions) Personal duties: - An EU civilian defence and civic community service. As an alternative option for young people of member states with mandatory services; as a voluntary option in the other member states My proposals (summarised in Tables 1 and 2) may seem unambitious and low-key, but they have the advantage of being practical and can become operative without Treaty changes or major legislative innovations. National citizenship and welfare regimes were not born with a historical Bing Bang, but with a slow sequence of incremental reforms. Given the heavy legacy of