EU Citizenship Needs a Stronger Social Dimension and Soft Duties 195 victims of terrorism could be financed through a small fee on the issuing of passports – obviously clarifying the purpose of this fee. Beyond taxes and fees, another voluntary form of duty could be a pan-­ European civil service for young people. The EU has recently established a European Voluntary Service and a European Solidarity Corps. Participating to such services could be made more appealing to young people by stressing the benefit of acquiring valuable skills and experiences. In due course, these two services could morph into some sort of an EU civilian defence and civic community service that could be chosen as an alternative to national service in those member states where the latter is mandatory; in the other member states it could still be chosen voluntarily.24 Although remaining far from proper and ‘hard’ duties, the proposed extractive instruments would indeed move in Bauböck’s direction, through cautious and experimental steps. In the current ‘euro-critical’ context, jumping from ‘duty-free’ to ‘duty-heavy’ citizenship might be politically dangerous and even counterproductive. An incremental strategy – with a vision Following the tradition of Max Weber, we can define rights as sources of power (Machtquellen). Since power is a social relation in which somebody’s ‘will’ causes the behaviour of somebody else, regardless of the latter’s ‘will’, the creation of a right automatically creates a correlative duty of compliance. But what exactly are the power resources, which back the actual exercise of rights? First, there are normative resources: holding a right means having legitimate reasons to claim compliance (horizontally from fellow-­citizens and vertically from political authorities). Secondly, there are enforcement resources: if compliance is not obtained, the right holder can activate legal coercion. Thirdly, there are instrumental resources: the conferring political authority typically provides the conditions for a full exercise of rights. In the case of social entitlements, for example, the state sets up social insurance systems (securing their financial bases), provides information and advice for accessing benefits and so on. While the second type of resources (enforcement) are what makes rights (and, by extension, citizenship) ‘hard’, in contemporary liberaldemocratic societies we should not underestimate the importance of the other two types: normative and instrumental resources. 24 The US National Guard and the Swiss militia system – originally meant for military and defence purposes – are being increasingly transformed into civilian defence and civic community services, and are often mobilised for various types of internal emergencies or natural disasters.