amendment to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation and the Common Reporting Standard require the relevant banking information to be sent to all jurisdictions of tax residence of the account holder. Tax residence can be different from other definitions of residence for non-tax purposes. The criteria for residence for tax purposes may vary considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and is usually linked to the number of days of physical presence in a jurisdiction. Some jurisdictions also determine residency of an individual by reference to a variety of other factors, such as citizenship, the ownership of a home or availability of accommodation, family, and financial interests. As such, there are situations where the same individual may be deemed a tax resident in more than one jurisdiction. Moreover, being deemed a tax resident in a new jurisdiction does not extinguish other tax residence status in other countries. However, the documentation issued under some of these schemes may make it very difficult for financial institutions to identify correctly the legitimate places of tax residence. In some cases the information on financial accounts may be sent to the wrong State and/or not sent to the correct State. For example if information is sent only to the State operating a citizenship or residence scheme (which often does not tax the income or require physical presence in the country) and not to the genuine state of tax residence the income may escape taxation in the correct State. Schemes in countries which do not tax the income, or tax it at a very low rate, carry a greater risk of account holders hiding evidence of the real state of residence and thereby evading tax. In particular, third-country schemes carry a higher risk that Union citizens may use them to deliberately evade taxation in their EU State of residence. EU financial institutions may be less familiar with schemes in place outside the EU and although some schemes offered by EU States also do not tax foreign income most target (and limit access to) non-EU residents. The mandatory disclosure obligations for intermediaries adopted through an amendment to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation in 201899 requires promoters of tax avoidance schemes and service providers involved in their design or implementation to inform tax authorities of any schemes they market or put in place. It includes specific provisions to target schemes that may have the effect of circumventing the reporting obligations laid down by the EU legislation on automatic exchange of financial account information. In fact, the Directive includes a reporting obligation which targets schemes or arrangements that undermine or exploit weaknesses in the due diligence procedures used by financial institutions to report information to the tax authorities, such as the identification of the jurisdiction of residence of the account holder. This is the case when the account holder acquires citizenship or residence rights in a country other than that of effective residence. Whenever such a scheme is marketed, or entered into, a reporting obligation befalls the intermediary that is providing the service. Pursuant to the 2018 amendment to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation, the schemes entered into as of 25 June 2018 will be reported to the EU tax authorities, which will exchange this information automatically with each other as of 2020, providing these 99 Council Directive (EU) 2018/822 of 25 May 2018 amending Directive 2011/16/EU as regards mandatory automatic exchange of information in the field of taxation in relation to reportable cross-border arrangements, OJ L 139, 5.6.2018, p. 1. 17