Acquis or not acquis: statelessness in the context of forced
migration
di Oleksandra Zmiyenko
Abstract: In all the complexity of issues arising in the context of forced migration,
statelessness remains a hidden phenomenon. Yet, this violation of the human right to a
nationality should be equally understood as a consequence of, or a catalyst for conflicts, crises
and forced displacement.
Despite unresolved endemic statelessness in certain EU member states, most of the legislation
provides safeguards related to prevention; thus, it should not be possible to be born stateless
in the ‘area of freedom, security and justice’. The external cases not covered by prevention
mechanisms are more complex, especially when they complicate asylum procedures and throw
a shadow on what might come after: from family reunification to potential return. The
question arises is to what extent the EU can address statelessness in the context of forced
migration. The answer might concern various aspects on governing through uncertainty
arising from ambiguity related to competences of the EU in the question to uncertain status
of persons concerned.
Within the framework of the notion of de jure statelessness, and comparing the four EU
national systems, the paper would aim to identify the policy (in)coherence between the EU
and Member States and the policy gaps in addressing statelessness, in particular arising within
the context of forced migration. Departing from the ambitious UNHCR’s intent to bring an
end to statelessness by 2024, the paper would aim to explain the necessity of the ‘right to have
rights’ in the area of free movement and would focus on what can be done by the EU to show
its welcoming of the UNHCR campaign on the policy level.
Keywords: Statelessness; forced migration; European Union; CJEU
1. Introduction.
Remaining in shadow of other disciplines and gradually established as a separate
research area1, statelessness imperceptibly appeared in a wider public discussion
long after gaining its distinctive place in academia. The situation of Rohinghya
refugees and the people of India’s north-eastern state of Assam attracted
international attention in 2019, while the outbreak of COVID-19 crisis later on
only aggravated the situation. Territorial shifts in conflict-affected areas, the
growing risk of climate change-related movement caused by disappearing island
states2, and other factors contributing to forced displacement occur in the context
1 See M. Manly, L. Van Waas, The State of Statelessness Research. A human Rights Imperative, in
19 Tilburg Law Review 1-2, 2014, 3-10.
2 J. McAdam, Climate Change-related Displacement of Persons, in K. R. Gary, R. Tarasofsky, C.
Carlane (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law, Oxford, 2016.
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