cost of higher education was prohibitive and had prevented him putting his child through teachertraining.406 In 2009, annual fees for foreign students, including those who are stateless, at the Institute of Higher Education had nearly doubled, to 1,800 US Dollars. In Tajikistan, an annual Presidential Quota is intended to give higher education places to 500 girl school-leavers from mountainous districts who would otherwise be disadvantaged. It is not known if this might include young women who are stateless. In practice, there appear to have been problems administering the quota: some of the 5,500 places awarded over 12 years appear to have gone to boys.407 406 He said that annual fee for a course at the Institute of Higher Education had risen from 1,000 US Dollars to 1,800 US Dollars. 407 Over 12 years, the presidential quota benefited “mostly girls”. Presidential report, cited in the Central Asia Regional Risk Assessment by UNDP. ~ 62 ~