Rohingya Human Rights Initiative (ROHRIngya) 2020 (Bhagat et al., 2020). Refugees and migrant labourers, and daily wage workers in India were “the most affected and vulnerable” (Athray, 2020, para.2), with multiple news reports of the time depicting the suffering of such groups as they attempted to make their way home on foot amidst a locked down country. Scholars (Bhagat et al., 2020; Shanker & Raghavan, 2021) have also noted the unprecedented hardship that refugee communities in particular have faced due to the pandemic. During the initial months of COVID-19 and the first lockdown, the Rohingya community in India faced many challenges in meeting everyday needs, accessing medical treatment and other essential services. However, the relaxation of restrictions on movement and open-up of day-to-day business phase-wise with containment have allowed assistance to reach the refugees. The refugees have also accessed vaccination services which initially were not open to them because of the lack of official documents and passports. Nevertheless, gaps remain in the crisis mitigation response experienced by the community. WHY THIS REPORT As the above discussion suggests, the vulnerability of a refugee community in normal times and the intensification of their suffering during a crisis time, render it imperative to document the community’s living conditions before, during and after the pandemic. Due to statelessness and the lack of recognition as refugees, the Rohingya people remain at the margin and get little policy attention or support. The increased difficulties and hardships, such as challenges in accessing essentials and medical treatment faced by the community in India amid the pandemic, are yet to be comprehensively documented. A number of media reports, opinion articles, as well as an initial report published by the Rohingya Human Rights Initiatives (hereafter R4R) in 2021 (R4R, 2021, February 5) have attempted to fill this gap by shedding light on specific aspects of the community’s experiences. The aim of this report is to provide a picture of lives of the Rohingya refugees in India during COVID-19 and to provide recommendations to alleviate their suffering, in general, and in the time of crisis, in particular. This report has covered all the major states in India where the Rohingya refugees live including National Capital Territory of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu, Punjab and Telangana. It documents crucial aspects of life, such as livelihood, health, gender-based violence, WASH and hygiene, and children’s education. The report also highlights how various government bodies, domestic and international agencies, and refugee-led organisations responded to the needs of refugees, especially the Rohingya people 10