Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 53 (2021) Ghosts in America: Working Towards Building a Legal Framework for Stateless Individuals in the United States supervision negatively affect family unity. 257 Stateless individuals under order of supervision cannot obtain United States passports or international travel documents. 258 This means that they are permanently separated from loved ones. 259 Many stateless individuals express a great sense of sadness and loss at the thought of never being able to see their parents, siblings, or children again or to attend funerals, weddings, or births of loved ones. 260 Fourth, monitoring stateless individuals in perpetuity is both unnecessary and a waste of scarce immigration resources. 261 And fifth, the opportunity cost of keeping otherwise productive individuals in a constant state of economic instability is detrimental to an efficient society. 262 The frequency and duration of check-ins negatively impacts an individual’s ability to work. 263 Due to the long wait times associated with check-ins, individuals often miss a half or even a full day of work in order to comply with the check-in requirements. 264 3) Repatriation agreements In 1996, Congress enacted the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA). 265 IIRAIRA amended the INA to subject a broader category of aliens to mandatory detention during removal proceedings until they can be repatriated to their home country. 266 The INA, as amended by IIRAIRA, allows the government 90 days to remove an alien following the issuance of a final order of removal. 267 However, stateless individuals cannot be removed within this period because their home countries are unwilling to accept them or because their home countries do not have a repatriation agreement with the United States. 268 These individuals who have nowhere to go 257. Citizens of Nowhere, supra note 3, at 27. 258. Id. 259. Id. 260. Id. 261. Baluarte, supra note 20, at 366. 262. Id. 263. FREED BUT NOT FREE, supra note 243, at 16. 264. Id. 265. Plight of the Tempest-Tost: Indefinite Detention of Detention of Deportable Aliens, 115 HARV. L. REV. 1915, 1920 (2002). 266. Id. 267. Id. 268. Id. 385