Chapter II. 3. ANALYSIS OF PLEDGES INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS Ten States in Africa pledged to ratify and/or incorporate the Kampala Convention for the Protection and Assistance of IDPs into national law and policy. The Kampala Convention is the first binding instrument in the world on the protection and assistance of IDPs. It was adopted in October 2009 and will enter into force and become legally binding when it has been ratified by 15 countries. Theme of the Pledge States/Groups of States/Organizations making a pledge In Africa, several countries pledged to ratify and/or incorporate into national law/policy the Kampala Convention Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Somalia, South Sudan and the United Republic of Tanzania Protection for internally Africa: Guinea-Bissau displaced Americas: Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia and the United States of America Asia and the Pacific: Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan (also public awareness), Georgia, Germany (Afghans IDPs), Liechtenstein and Montenegro (protection of IDPs in general) 4. Example of pledges Nigeria: “The Federal Executive Council in furtherance of its commitment approved the ratification of the Kampala Convention and the Government of Nigeria pledges to ratify and domesticate the Kampala Convention." Colombia: “The Government of Colombia is committed to the implementation of the Law for Victims and Land Restitution with adequate protection measures and the search for the solutions of return, rural resettlement and local integration for the displaced population.” OTHER FORMS OF DISPLACEMENT Displacement is becoming more complex. Recognizing the complexity of the phenomenon, ten States pledged to address dimensions of mixed migration, such as human trafficking and smuggling. Not all refugees are victims of trafficking, however, numerous refugees become more vulnerable to smugglers or traffickers during their flight. Other victims of trafficking may become refugees due to the fear of being stigmatized for their forced participation in sex work once returned to their countries, or to the risk of being re-trafficked. 37