| Solutions implemented in Al-Bab and Raqqa cities: | Al-Bab city: Special departments have been established within the local council during the last two years to register cases of marriage, childbirth etc. For birth cases in particular, the child is registered in the local council based on the birth certificate issued by the mukhtar (civil person responsible for administrative matters in the neighborhood). Then, the child is given an identification card that is recognized in all the areas under the control of the National Army27 and in Turkey as well. Therefore, in some way, a preliminary solution has been found for children without nationality and lineage as they have been documented in official records, despite the fact that the Syrian regime or the rest of the world does not recognize these records. | Raqqa city 27 The formation of the SNA was officially announced on 30 December 2017 in Azaz.The official aims of the structure are to assist the Republic of Turkey in creating a “safe zone” in Syria, and to establish a “National Army” 28 Al-Sabkha City: a Syrian town administratively affiliated of Al-Raqqa, and it is under the control of the Syrian regime. 41 HUMANS WITHOUT RIGHTS The matter differs in Raqqa, where the Syrian regime recently established a center for registering marriages, divorce and births as well as issuing official identity cards in the city of Al-Sabkha28. The regime also issued an amnesty for unregistered children, which prompted families in Raqqa to register their children and obtain a family card without paying any fine. However, only people who are not wanted by the regime and who have all their identity papers can benefit from this center. The “Autonomous-Administration” of the SDF also registered the children of women who were able to prove the lineage of their fathers, and they received an identification card to prove their lineage. It is only recognized in the areas controlled by the “Autonomous-Administration”. This solution also does not cover the cases discussed in the research, since only children who have a Syrian father can benefit from this card. As for the cases of women married to Syrian fighters affiliated with the organization, information sources indicated that these cases were not recorded explicitly, so the woman often resorted to registering the child and attributed it to one of her relatives, or -according to the testimonies- the children were killed immediately after birth. Regarding the children of foreign fighters, the people we spoke to denied that they have a presence in the city of Raqqa, and that they are still staying