2. Institutionalised Arbitrariness The institutional structure of the Foreigners Tribunals violates both the Indian Constitution and India’s binding international human 36 rights obligations. Citizenship adjudication engages constitutionally significant questions with profound consequences, including the risk of statelessness. Such determinations require bodies that are legally constituted, independent, impartial, and composed of competent legal officers. The FT system fails on all these counts: it lacks a secure legal foundation, is vulnerable to executive interference, and is staffed by inadequately qualified adjudicators. It thus stands in stark violation of the rule of law and the right to an effective remedy under both domestic and international law.