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5. Embedding Violations: Role of the Assam’s High Court Sex-wise outcomes Sex No. of cases Dismissed Remanded Other Male Female 635 558 375 351 131 81 129 126 Religion-wise breakdown Religion No. of cases Dismissed Remanded Other Hindu Muslim 386 807 173 553 91 121 122 133 137

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Unmaking Citizens: The Architecture of Rights Violations and Exclusion in India’s Citizenship Trials

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Author: National Law School of India University & Queen Mary University of London

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Description: This report offers the most comprehensive study yet of Assam’s citizenship determination system, comprising 100 Foreigners Tribunals (FTs), the National Register of Citizens (NRC), and border policing mechanisms. These bodies decide who is recognised as an Indian citizen and who is labelled a “foreigner,” with profound consequences for those targeted. Drawing on almost 1,200 High Court cases and landmark Supreme Court rulings, along with extensive fieldwork and interviews with defence lawyers and affected individuals, it examines how these institutions operate, the laws they apply, and their compliance with constitutional and international human rights standards. The findings reveal routine rejection of valid evidence and an absence of procedural safeguards. Over 165,000 people have been declared “foreigners,” 85,000 cases remain pending, and more than 1 million NRC appeals may soon follow—an institutionalised machinery of exclusion disproportionately harming marginalised communities and risking replication elsewhere in India.

Type of resource

Report

Source

Other

Region

Asia / Pacific

Country

India

Theme

Discrimination
General / Other

Date published: Jul 26, 2025

Source URL: Direct Link

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Unmaking-Citizens_online-report.pdf
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Unmaking Citizens: The Architecture of Rights Violations and Exclusion in India’s Citizenship Trials

Primary Documents

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