• Recognize and disaggregate data on Black immigrants to improve accountability and visibility under DHS. As a multi-racial democracy, the United States must reflect the full participation of and provide constitutional protections to all people within its borders. The rights of Black people—whether born in the United States or newly arrived—cannot be conditional.65 The Constitution promises equal protection and fair treatment for all people through the Fourteenth 66 and Fifth Amendments.67 These rights cannot be taken away just because the president says a law is needed for national security or foreign affairs, especially when the real reason is anti-Black racism or fear of immigrants. Ending anti-Black racism requires that people in the United States examine the nation’s past and expose present inequalities, while building a future where Black people are fully included and protected—not only as citizens, but as human beings. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguilera, Jasmine & Harold Isaac, A Haitian Man’s Brutal Experience With U.S. Border Agents Sparked Outrage. Now He’s Telling His Story, Time (Mar. 15, 2022), https://time.com/6144970/mirardjoseph-haitian-migrants-del-rio-border/. American Civil Liberties Union, Press Release, Immigrants’ Rights Advocates Sue Trump Administration Over Birthright Citizenship Executive Order (Jan. 20, 2025), https://www.aclu.org/pressreleases/immigrants-rights-advocates-sue-trump-administration-over-birthright-citizenshipexecutive-order. Banks, Angela M., Nordic Perspectives on Human Rights Education, in A Human Rights Approach to Membership and Belonging (Audrey Osler & Beate Goldschmidt-Gjerløw eds., Routledge 2024), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4975800. Beckwith, Ryan T., President Trump Called El Salvador, Haiti ‘Shithole Countries’: Report, Time (Jan. 11, 2018), https://time.com/5100058/donald-trump-shithole-countries/. Black Alliance for Just Immigration, Tabulation of the Department of Homeland Security’s Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2022. Chishti, Muzaffar, Faye Hipsman & Isabel Ball, Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States, Migration Pol’y Inst. (Oct. 15, 2015), https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fifty-years-1965-immigration-and-nationality-actcontinues-reshape-united-states. Golash-Boza, Tanya, Deported: Immigrant Policing, Disposable Labor and Global Capitalism (N.Y. Univ. Press 2015). Golash-Boza, Tanya, Punishment Beyond the Deportee: The Collateral Consequences of Deportation, 63 AM. BEHAV. SCI. 1331 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219835259.

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