Breaking the Presumption regarding the late birth registry of children, these administrative norms should include an expedited registry of applicants’ children or descendants. 99 VIII CONCLUSION Certainly, nationality is considered to be a stateless person’s happy ending. Naturalisation, a citizenship granted by states to those considered foreigners or immigrants, is one of the main goals of SDP norms. This is both for protection purposes and because naturalisation definitively facilitates the applicant’s integration into the society. SDP norms assume or presume that applicants are foreigners, and once recognised as stateless as a result of this process, they should have a route to access documentation (ID and residence) and naturalisation. SDP applicants must be within the territory of the state to present their application. 100 However, international standards recommend that SDPs are not applicable to in situ stateless. This population has largely been born in, or have strong links with, the territory, and are likely entitled to the right to nationality by constitution or law. Despite accurate statistics on statelessness remaining a challenge, it has been determined that most in situ stateless peoples in the world belong to discriminated minority groups, who are arbitrarily deprived of citizenship by acts and omissions of the state. In these cases, the remedy or solution is the immediate restoration and ‘validation of nationality’ through law, judicial and administrative measures, documentation and the effective enjoyment and exercise of nationality rights. SDPs should not be used as a political tool by states. Stateless people who have the right to nationality must not be forced to apply to an SDP to be granted a second-class citizenship though a naturalisation formula. This allows governments to maintain a continuous threat of stripping the nationality granted by naturalisation. Therefore, SDPs should neither be applicable to prima facie or collective statelessness recognition in contexts of structural discrimination of minority groups. Express dispositions in SDP laws or norms concerning procedures for cases where an applicant could be identified as a national of the country raise a ‘red flag’ against the presumption that SDP applicants are foreigners. The safeguards on SDP norms identified in Costa Rica, Paraguay, Panama, Argentina, Georgia, The procedural requirements of both nationality campaigns and nationality verification procedures will be similar to those used in statelessness determination procedures in practice, as they need to reflect the forms of evidence available in a country and the difficulties faced by applicants in proving their nationality status. 99 See ICCPR (n 41) art 24(2); Convention on the Rights of the Child, opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990) arts 3(1), 3(2), 7(1) and 7(2), also signed by the 23 SDP countries identified for this article. The special procedure on late birth registration shall also ensure citizenship acquisition. Birth registration is the permanent recording of a child’s existence and does not confer nationality. Nationality is acquired through the operation of a State’s nationality law. The two processes are distinct. Nonetheless, birth registration helps to prevent statelessness because it establishes a legal record as to where a child was born and who his/her parents are, elements of information key to proving entitlement to nationality. Good Practice Papers, Action 7 (Ensuring Birth Registration for Prevention of Statelessness) (Report, UNHCR 2017) 3. See also ‘#IBelong Campaign’ (n 4): Action 2: Ensure that no child is born stateless, Action 3: Remove gender discrimination from nationality laws, and Action 8: Issue nationality documentation to those with entitlement to it. 100 The 23 SDP norms identified for this article require that the applicant shall be within the boundaries of the state; if the applicant is in the border, as refugee international standards, the state shall facilitate the access to SDP. 85