from citizenship to stateless citizenship167 spatial policies, urban planning, resource distribution and demographic policies against indigenous Palestinians from this perspective worked in tandem with this wave of critical sociology to deepen the analysis of the Zionist regime.24 During the final period of innovative thinking in the 1990s, which Pappé calls “post-Zionist research,” Jewish scholars challenged prevailing historical and sociological readings of the Zionist movement and its core beliefs around Jewish statehood. Also at this time, Palestinian intellectuals in Israel began to more actively enhance their work into research centres, independent academic organizations and policy institutes. These spaces served as intellectual and institutional bases for conducting critical and applied research free of the disciplinary and ideological trappings of a hegemonic Zionist discourse imposed in university spaces. Pappé writes: Through analysis of the education system, the official language, spatial policies, legal practices, media treatment and other aspects of life, the discrimination has become more evident, even if at times subtle. All this essential research has been done by Palestinian scholars teaching and working in Israel (Pappé 2011, 288). Important to note here too is that in addition to critical and applied research on marginalized issues pertaining to the Arab community in Israel, much effort from Palestinian scholars in these autonomous academic institutions was made to make this research available in Arabic, Hebrew and English. Though often difficult to finance and incredibly time-consuming, the intended audience of the research, encompassing Israeli Jews, Arabs in Israel, Palestinians abroad and Western academics, is evident in these efforts. An example of this essential research is the Political Monitoring Reports, first published on a monthly basis and later reworked into quarterly reports by Mada al-Carmel, a Palestinian academic organization located in Haifa.25 In reviewing and monitoring the effects of developments in the Israeli political, social, legal and economic scene on Palestinian life in Israel, these important and publicly available publications look extensively at first-hand Knesset documentation, statements by public representatives, public opinion polls and policy advancements made in parliamentary bodies, academic institutions, and local and national organizations. Even a brief examination of the issues addressed 24 Here Pappé includes the research of Nira Yuval-Davis and Oren Yiftachel (ibid., 285). We can also include Kimmerling (1983); Falah (1985, 1993); Haidar (1995); Rabinowitz (1997); and Shafir and Peled (2002), among others. 25 See Mada al-Carmel’s quarterly Political Monitoring Reports for more.