On the Right to Have Nationality Rights: Statelessness,…
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Examples of mass denaturalisations by modern states are readily available. The
ongoing case of the Rohingya in Myanmar has been rightly highlighted,24 however,
I’ll focus on the example provided by the Dominican Republic in its treatment of
people of Haitian descent not least because it is a reasonably established (albeit
flawed) constitutional democracy and because the policy in question has been subject to both judicial and legislative judgment within the state. Consider the following
case:
Dilcia Yean was born on April 15, 1996, in the Dominican Republic to a
Dominican woman of Haitian descent. Although the Dominican constitution
establishes the principle of jus soli (and thus assigns citizenship to those born
on Dominican territory), Yean was denied Dominican citizenship, and was
refused permission to register her birth or to obtain recognition of her legal
personality. Government officials said they had orders not to register or issue
birth certificates to children of Haitian descent.25
The situation of Dilcea Yean was subject to judicial review by the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights which upheld the right to registration of persons in her situation.26 But the political effect of this judgment was to escalate the issue further:
In 2013, the Constitutional Court’s judgment 168/13 established that only persons born in the Dominican Republic to Dominican parents or legal residents
are consider citizens. This interpretation was applied retroactively to all persons born between 1929 and 2010: arbitrarily depriving hundreds of thousands
of people of Haitian descent, of their Dominican nationality, and created a
situation of statelessness of a magnitude never before seen in the Americas.
The criterion established in judgment 168/13, as well as the measures adopted
to implement that judgment, come to constitute a crucial stage in this type of
historical revisionism promoted by the Dominican authorities, aimed at consolidating an interpretation that establishes that persons born in the Dominican
Republic of Haitian parents with an irregular migratory status do not have the
right to Dominican nationality.27
This ruling, which was rapidly condemned by the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights,28 is estimated to have affected over 200,000 people. It was followed
by action from the legislature in the form of the Naturalisation Law of 2014 which
claimed to provide a route to, or back to, citizenship for those affected (86% of these
being of Haitian descent) but placed the burden of proof on individuals to provide
24
UNHCR (2017).
Goldston (2006), p. 321.
26
The full judgment can be found here: http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_130_%20
ing.pdf (accessed 23 Jul 2018).
27
IACHR (2015).
28
IACHR (2015).
25
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