In Togo, while the 1978 Nationality Law contains a safeguard to grant citizenship to children born in its territory who cannot claim the nationality of another State, it only allows Togolese mothers to confer their nationality on their children if the father is stateless or of unknown nationality. This is contrary to Article 32 of the 1992 Constitution, which grants Togolese nationality to children born to Togolese fathers or mothers. In Sudan, the 1994 Nationality Act provides that children born outside the country before the coming into force of the Act whose fathers were born in Sudan are Sudanese. The Act furthermore provides that all children residing in Sudan at the coming into force of the Act, whose ancestors from the father’s side were residing in Sudan since 1956, acquire Sudanese nationality by descent. After 1994, the Act grants citizenship to children born to a father who was a Sudanese national by descent. The law was amended in 2005 to allow a child born to a Sudanese mother to acquire Sudanese nationality by birth by application. These provisions from the 1994 Act are at variance with Article 7 of the Interim Sudanese Constitution that guarantees that “every person born to a Sudanese mother or father shall have an inalienable right to enjoy Sudanese nationality and citizenship.” After the creation of the independent State of South Sudan, the Republic of Sudan amended its nationality law in 2011 and subsequently in 2018 but has yet to amend the relevant sections of the 1994 Act to ensure equal rights between Sudanese women and men to confer their nationality to their children. The Interim Sudanese Constitution remains in force until Sudan adopts a permanent constitution. Asia The nationality laws in five countries in Asia and the Pacific do not provide mothers equal rights as fathers to confer their nationality on their children. In Brunei Darussalam the nationality law does not permit national women to confer their nationality to their children at all. In Iran, with the 2019 reform to the nationality law, Iranian women married to non-Iranian men can in principle apply to confer their nationality to their children regardless of where they are born, with retroactive effect. Under Kiribati’s nationality law, children born in the country to a Kiribati father or mother can acquire the nationality of Kiribati; however, only children born abroad to Kiribati fathers, not mothers, acquire the nationality of Kiribati. 12 U N H C R > B A C K G R O U N D N O T E O N G E N D E R E Q U A L I T Y, N AT I O N A L I T Y L A W S A N D S TAT E L E S S N E S S 2 0 2 4