Heather Alexander to the northern regions of Mali.74 In 1995, during this period of reform, the 1962 Nationality Code was amended. Most of the 1995 amendments were relatively minor rewordings of confusing passages in the 1962 Code. In a major change from the 1962 law, however, the 1995 amendments allowed for dual nationality for persons voluntarily acquiring another nationality.75 The 1995 amendments also reduced gendered restrictions on the ability of women to pass on their nationality to their children, a development that was welcomed by the Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).76 These reforms were limited in practical effect by the failure to reform the rights of inheritance and difficulties in proving marriage and descent under the 1962 family code.77 The amendments to the nationality code also gave extra protections against statelessness for foundlings and the children of unknown parents.78 Another change was the addition of Article 43(bis), which provided that persons serving in foreign armies engaged in hostilities against Mali could lose their Malian nationality by decree.79 During the 2000s, legal reforms continued. In 2001, Mali enacted a pastoral charter, recognizing the rights of herder and nomadic communities, including freedom of movement, in order to respond to some of the concerns of the Tuareg and other nomadic communities.80 In 2002, a new code for the protection of children provided for the right to an identity and a nationality under Malian law.81 In 2006, the government made birth registration in Mali free and, in Article 12, created more flexibility for nomadic populations in registration, though the system for registration remained based around the colonial administrative structure of circles and communes.82 The Committee on the Rights of the Child urged the Malian government to go further in nomadic regions by setting up mobile registration clinics.83 Mali also ratified the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005. In 2011, conflict broke out again in northern Mali, this time with support from Malian Tuareg who had been members of the Libyan Islamic Legion, who left Libya following the overthrow of Gadhafi.84 During this renewed conflict, the Malian Tuareg separatist movement was taken over by foreign, Islamist fighters and other foreign actors, leading to an international intervention led by the French government. Renewed conflict contributed to another coup in 2012. Following the international intervention lead by France, a peace agreement facilitated by Algeria to end the northern 74 Décret No 92-121/p-CTSP2, Pacte National, Comité de Transition pour le Salut du Peuple et les Mouvements et Fronts unifies de l'Azawad (11 Avril 1992). 75 Loi No. 95-070 portant modification du code de la nationalité, Journal Officiel de la République du Mali (J.O.R.M.) No. 18 (30 Sept. 1995), Arts. 38, 39, 41 (1995 Amendments). 76 1995 Amendments, Arts. 8, 10, p. 689. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, concluding observations on the combined sixth and seventh periodic reports of Mali, Adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (4-22 July 2016), 2. 77 Code du mariage et de la tutelle, loi n. 62-17 AN-RM 3 Février 1962. 78 1995 Amendments, Art. 11, 689. 79 1995 Amendments Art. 43(bis), 690. 80 Charte Pastorale du Mali, Loi N. 01-004 of 27 Feb. 2001. 81 Mali Ordonnance N°02-062/P-RM du 5 juin 2002 portant code de protection de l'enfant, Art 4. 82 Loi n° 06-024, régissant l’Etat Civil, J.O.R.M. No. 24 (31 Aout 2006) p. 926. 83 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Consideration of the Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations: Mali, CRC/C/MLI/CO/2 3 May 2007. 84 Tuareg originating in Mali had been granted Libyan residence permits, and in some cases, nationality in exchange for military service. RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/11 - © 2020 Author(s) 11