tempts to deprive someone of citizenship as some examples around the globe show –
such as the Rohingya minority in Myanmar (Lewa and de Chickera 2010) and those
born to Haitian migrant parents in the Dominican Republic (Belton 2017). Racism is also
connected to the carelessness of the state to regularize the position of the most vulnerable among its population. This was certainly the case for many Romani individuals in
the former Yugoslav space and beyond.
Stateless Roma and the Predicament of Marginalized Minorities
While there are clear numbers of how many people are stateless in the Baltic states, it
is a lot less clear how many people are stateless in South East Europe, among other
places, and how many of these people belong to marginalized minorities. As the Open
Society Institute report entitled No Data – No Progress (2010) states, reliable data on
the position of Roma, including how many Roma actually live in each country, are missing. When it comes to the number of Roma, there is a great mismatch “between the results of outgroup and ingroup categorization” (Csepeli and Simon 2004: 129). However,
numerous studies have showed that Roma are both the most socio-economically deprived and ethnically discriminated minority in Europe. For example, the EU’s Fundamental Rights Agency report (2016) showed that 80 % Roma live below the country
specific poverty line in the EU.
There are very little concise numbers of how
“many Romani individ- many Roma in Europe are stateless as well as the
uals who have hindered reasons for their statelessness. Moreover, why
access to citizenship do they are at an increased risk of statelessness is not
as straightforward as the case of non-citizens in
not fit the ‘ideal type’ of the Baltic countries or even of other discriminated
statelessness…However, minorities, such as the Rohingya in Myanmar and
the descendants of Haitian migrants in the Dominithey do suffer deprivacan Republic. There is no proof of direct targeting
tions of human rights
of Roma. Yet as Soraya Post, one of two Romani
connected to those of
Members of the European Parliament (MEP)
stateless persons”
comments, “Roma statelessness is not an accident” (Post 2018).
As I have written before on several occasions (Sardelić 2015, 2017, 2017b),
many Romani individuals who have hindered access to citizenship do not fit the ‘ideal
type’ of statelessness definition from the 1954 Convention and are often not legally recognized as stateless. However, they do suffer deprivations of human rights connected
to those of stateless persons. The reasons why Roma had, and still have, difficulties in
accessing their citizenship range from the consequences of state disintegration and war
to obstacles in bureaucratic procedures and indirectly exclusionary citizenship laws. All
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