government’s aversion to integrating religious minorities from largely Muslim communities.96 Such extensive efforts to gradually homogenize the country also took themselves to Facebook and other social media platforms, which continue to host anti-Muslim campaigns that disproportionately targeted Rohingya. This risk was most recently revealed in a Public Interest Petition that had been filed by a group of Rohingya refugees in the Delhi High Court against Facebook.97 While the case, if successful, may help stem online hate speech in India, it remains to be seen if it will fully protect Rohingya refugees from detention and forcible deportation. Combined, South and Southeast Asian countries that largely host Rohingya refugees remain lacking in coordinated mechanisms and policy frameworks that would help comprehensively protect the group. These instruments include those aimed at human rights and refugee protection, the majority of which have increasingly been observed as far unaligned with the ground realities of the region. Worryingly, as these countries succumb themselves to the global rise of authoritarianism and xenophobia – movements not welcoming to refugees – they will likely host increasingly anti-Rohingya sentiments among their respective populations. Conclusion and recommendations Across South and Southeast Asia, Rohingya are taking to the sea to flee the rapidly deteriorating conditions in Bangladesh’s refugee camps and the growing risk of recurrence of genocide in their homes in Myanmar. The crisis has recently peaked, when a growing number of Rohingya refugees were smuggled, sometimes trafficked, over land and sea. Throughout their escape, they face extortion, torture, sexual and gender-based violence, and other abuses by traffickers and smugglers; women and girls in particular are at risk of rape, gang rape, and other brutal forms of sexual violence without any recourse to justice. The lack of regional and domestic framework and policies to comprehensively protect refugees and asylum seekers further endangers Rohingya. Even after the refugees are permitted disembarkation, they are denied access to safety, protection, asylum, basic livelihoods, and domestic justice mechanisms. Such an environment enables their host countries to detain and deport them, as well as their people to foster anti-Rohingya hate speech, misinformation, and disinformation. In a status of extreme precarity and vulnerability, and as was recently hinted in Indonesia’s Aceh, Rohingya refugees then become at risk of targeted atrocities. Without immediate action to effectively address the crisis at hand, the cycle of life-threatening abuses will continue to spiral – if not soon exacerbate. 96 “‘Shoot the Traitors’: Discrimination Against Muslims under India’s New Citizenship Policy,” Human Rights Watch, April 9, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/10/shoot-traitors/discrimination-against-muslims-under-indias-new-citizenshippolicy. 97 Aswani, “Rohingya Refugees File PIL Against Facebook in Delhi High Court.” 21