stateless people in neighbouring countries. At the centre of their insecurities and vulnerabilities, is the denial of their legal status as citizens in Myanmar, and as refugees and stateless people elsewhere. Rohingyas are excluded from full citizenship in Myanmar under the discriminatory 1982 Citizenship Law and oppressive state registration procedures.1 Since Min Aung Hlaing’s coup in Myanmar on 1 February 2021, 2 which installed the State Administration Council (SAC) regime, Rohingya communities have been further negatively impacted by increased militarisation, conflict, and power struggles between SAC and Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs) including Arakan Army (AA). Greater restrictions of movement, checkpoints and administrative costs following the coup, as well as conflict, have created new layers of insecurities for Rohingya households, driving them into poverty and leaving them vulnerable to human rights abuses from state and quasi state bodies. State authorities and informal quasi state authorities control movement into, out of and through Rakhine State. Without citizenship documents, and unable to obtain official permission to travel in Myanmar, Rohingyas have no other option than to use brokers to facilitate travel within Myanmar and across international borders, leaving individuals and families vulnerable to extortion, exploitation and abuse.3 6. Flashpoints in the persecution of Rohingyas in 1978-79, the early 1992-94, 2012-13, and in 2016-17 forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingyas to flee their homelands in Rakhine State. Most fled across the border into Bangladesh. With difficult living conditions in both Bangladesh and Myanmar, some made onwards journeys in search of safety including Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Middle East. In the 1970s and 1990s many Rohingyas were also forcibly repatriated from Bangladesh back to Myanmar.4 In 2017 state-led violence, widely acknowledged to amount to genocide, forced approximately three quarters of a million Rohingya to flee into Bangladesh.5 They were given shelter in refugee camps along the border. Multiple generations of Rohingya now live in Bangladesh and other countries, in situations of protracted displacement with very limited access to durable solutions such as repatriation, integration and resettlement. 7. With few pathways to regularise their legal status or access citizenship, Rohingya communities are impacted by intergenerational statelessness in multiple national contexts including Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Indonesia and elsewhere. None of these countries are signatories to the 1951 Refugee Convention and do not officially recognise Rohingyas as refugees. As such, they lack formal refugee protections and are often treated as ‘irregular migrants’ without 1 Myanmar Citizenship Law, 15 October 1982, Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4f71b.html [accessed 28 February 2023] For more information see: Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Navigating with a faulty map: access to citizenship and citizenship documents in Myanmar’, 2021, Available at: https://files.institutesi.org/Access_to_Citizenship_in_Myanmar_Report. pdf [accessed 28 February 2023] 2 Reuters, ‘Myanmar’s year of turmoil since the military took power in a coup’, (2022) available online: https:// www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmars-year-turmoil-since-military-took-power-coup-2022-01-25/ [accessed 28 February 2023] 3 See Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, Dangerous Journeys through Myanmar: Insecurities and Immobilities for Rohingya Women in Post-coup Myanmar, 2022, Available at: https://files.institutesi.org/Rohingya_Women_in_Post-Coup_Myanmar.pdf [accessed 28 February 2023] 4 J. Crisp, 'Primitive people': the untold story of UNHCR's historical engagement with Rohingya refugees’, Humanitarian Peace Network (October 2018) available at: https://odihpn.org/publication/primitive-people-the-untold-story-of-unhcrs-historicalengagement-with-rohingya-refugees/ [accessed 28 February 2023] 5 0 P. Green, T. McManus, & A. de la Cour Venning, ‘Genocide achieved, genocide continues: Myanmar’s annihilation of the Rohingya’ (2018) available at: http://statecrime.org/data/2018/04/ISCI-Rohingya-Report-II-PUBLISHEDVERSION-revisedcompressed.pdf [accessed 13/11/2020]; See also UNHRC, ‘Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar’ (2018) available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/ myanmarFFM/Pages/ ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx [accessed 28 February 2023] 1