#IBelong campaign,5 the submitting organisations hope the Committee will raise these matters and address recommendations to Belgium to further prevent and reduce statelessness. Further information on the legal framework and the situation of stateless people in Belgium is provided in Annex I. International Obligations 4. Belgium has acceded to the Convention against Torture and to most relevant human rights treaties. It therefore has a clear obligation to protect the rights, liberty and security of stateless people on its territory, including through the prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the prevention of arbitrary detention of stateless persons, and arbitrary deprivation of nationality on national security grounds. 5. Through several recommendations made to other States, the Committee has demonstrated the importance of considering the impact of statelessness and nationality in assessing States’ international obligations under the Convention against Torture, particularly in the context of forced displacement and non-refoulement. It has recommended Romania consider establishing a statelessness determination procedure, 6 and North Macedonia and New Zealand adopt measures to ensure that stateless persons whose asylum claims have been refused are not held in detention indefinitely.7 It noted that obstacles to birth registration in Montenegro, in particular for Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians, put them at risk of statelessness and recommended the establishment of a simplified and accessible procedure for birth registration. 8 The Committee also recommended that Bolivia should establish a framework to determine whether a person is stateless in order to ensure that the State is fulfilling the international commitments assumed under the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954 Convention), and grant its nationality to persons who were not born on Bolivian territory but who would otherwise be stateless. It noted that Bolivia should particularly ensure that people are not wrongfully returned at the border and that persons in need of international protection are identified, especially in the context of mixed migration flows.9 6. Furthermore, the right to liberty and security of the person is enshrined in Articles 3 and 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Article 16(1) of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CRMW), Article 14 of the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and Article 6 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, among others. The Human Rights Committee’s General Comment No. 35 (para. 18) stipulates that “the inability of a State party to carry out the expulsion of an individual because of statelessness or other obstacles does not justify UNHCR, #IBelong Campaign to End Statelessness (launched in November 2014), see: https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/. 6 CAT, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Romania, 5 June 2015, CAT/C/ROU/CO/2. 7 CAT, Concluding observations on the third periodic report of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 5 June 2015, CAT/C/MKD/CO/3; and CAT, Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of New Zealand, 2 June 2015, CAT/C/NZL/CO/6. 8 CAT, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Montenegro, 17 June 2014, CAT/C/MNE/CO/2. 9 CAT, Concluding observations on the second periodic report of the Plurinational State of Bolivia as approved by the Committee at its fiftieth session, 14 June 2013, CAT/C/BOL/CO/2. 5 2