TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Three Intersecting Modes of Citizenship Deprivation Denaturalization Denial and Revocation of Documentation of U.S. Citizenship Political Attacks on Citizenship by Birth in the United States Key Findings Recommendations To the U.S. Congress To the U.S. Department of Homeland Security To the U.S. Department of Justice To the U.S. Department of State Description of Research 6 7 8 9 9 10 14 14 16 16 16 17 I. HISTORY AND CONTEXT Introduction Citizenship and Its Deprivation in the United States: A Brief History The United States in Comparative Perspective: Nationality and Human Rights Comparative Case Studies Conclusion 19 19 20 27 35 40 II. DENATURALIZATION: A RADICAL MEASURE IN THE HANDS OF ZEALOTS Introduction Denaturalization Data at a Glance The Denaturalization Statutes How Did We Get Here? History and Bureaucracy of Denaturalization Denaturalization under the Trump Administration Statelessness Denaturalization Threatens Constitutional Rights Excerpts from Plea & Settlement Agreements Conclusion 4 42 42 45 48 59 70 76 85 108 112 UNMAKING AMERICANS