state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.” 372 U.S. 335, 344 (1963). 401. Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981). 402. Emily S. Taylor Poppe & Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Do Lawyers Matter? The Effect of Legal Representation in Civil Disputes, 43 Pepperdine L. R. 881 (2016). 403. Russell Engler, Connecting Self-Representation to Civil Gideon: What Existing Data Reveal About When Counsel is Most Needed, 37 Fordham Urb. L.J. 37, 39 (2010) (citing Rebecca Sandefur, Elements of Expertise: Lawyers’ Impact on Civil Trial and Hearing Outcomes 24 (Mar. 26, 2008) (unpublished manuscript)). 404. IOLA and the Future of Legal Services in N.Y. State: Hearing before the N.Y. State Senate (Dec. 9, 2009) (written testimony of David S. Udell, Brennan Center for Justice) (citing Rebecca L. Sandefur, Elements of Expertise: Lawyers’ Impact on Civil Trial and Hearing Outcomes 3 (Mar. 26, 2008) (unpublished manuscript), https://www. brennancenter.org/analysis/testimony-ny-senate-hearing-future-civil-legal-services. 405. CJA § 210.20.20, https://www.uscourts.gov/ rules-policies/judiciary-policies/cja-guidelines/ chapter-2-ss-210-representation-under-cja. 406. See e.g., U.S. v. Becker, 2:18-cv-02049 (Doc. 23), Reply in support of motion for order appointing Federal Public Defender (Dec. 3, 2018) (citing Chaunt v. U.S., 364 U.S. 350, 353 (1960) (stating that citizenship is “so important to the liberty” of a citizen); Klaprott v. U.S., 335 U.S. 601, 616 (1949) (noting that citizenship is “a right not less precious…than liberty”)). 407. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 344 (1963). 408. Interview notes on file with the Open Society Justice Initiative. 409. Legal Services Corporation, National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel, U.S. Rank on Access to Civil Justice in Rule of Law Index Drops to 99th out of 126 Countries (Mar. 10, 2019), http://civilrighttocounsel.org/major_developments/217. 410. Comm. on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 85th Sess., Aug 11-29, 2014, Concluding Observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of the United States of America, at paras. 18, 23, U.N. Doc. CERD/C/USA/CO/7-9 (Aug. 29, 2014); Human Rights Comm. 110th Sess., Mar. 10-28, 2014, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United States of America, at paras. 15, 16, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/USA/CO/4 (Apr. 23, 2014). 180 411. Legal Services Corporation, Legal Services Corporation Optimistic About Bipartisan Support in Congress Despite White House Proposal to Defund (Mar. 18, 2019), https:// www.lsc.gov/media-center/press-releases/2019/legal-services-corporation-optimistic-about-bipartisan-support. 412. See Coffin v. United States 156 U.S. 432 (1895) (“The principle that there is a presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law, axiomatic and elementary…”); Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 503 (1976) (stating the presumption of innocence is a “basic component of a fair trial.”). 413. See e.g., Article 11(1) of the UDHR and Article 14(2) of the CCPR. 414. In one case, detainment could not be determined as the file was sealed both online and in-person. 415. See Mary T. Phillips, Pretrial Detention and Case Outcomes, Part 1: Nonfelony Cases, and Pretrial Detention and Case Outcomes, Part 2: Felony Cases Final Report, New York Criminal Justice Agency, Inc. (2007). 416. Charles Doyle, Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview, Cong. Res. Serv. Rep. RL3125 (Nov. 14, 2017), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31253.pdf. 417. Kokesh v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 137 S. Ct. 1635, 1641-42 (2017) (citing Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U.S. 442, 449 (2013). 418. See 18 U.S.C. § 3291 (“No person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for violation of any provision of sections 1423 to 1428, inclusive, of chapter 69 and sections 1541 to 1544, inclusive, of chapter 75 of title 18 of the United States Code, or for conspiracy to violate any of such sections, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within ten years after the commission of the offense.”). 419. United States v. Martinez, 1:18-cr-00216, Motion to Dismiss Indictment and Continue Evidentiary Hearing, 1-2 (June 14, 2018). 420. See, e.g., John N. Pomeroy, A Treatise on Equity Jurisprudence §§ 5( 419-418th ed.1941). 421. Doyle, supra note 416. 422. An exception is “major art theft” (20 years). 423. Doyle, supra note 416. 424. Anthony D. Bianco, Paul Bullis & Troy Liggett, Civil Denaturalization: Safeguarding the Integrity of U.S. Citizenship, in 65 U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin (July 2017), at 9, https://www. justice.gov/usao/page/file/984701/download. 425. DHS-OIG, Potentially ineligible individuals have been granted U.S. citizenship because of incomplete fingerprint records (Sept.8, 2016), OIG-16-130, 1, https://www.oig.dhs.gov/ assets/Mgmt/2016/OIG-16-130-Sep16.pdf. UNMAKING AMERICANS