31. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration 8-9 (2010). 32. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration 38 (2010). 33. Rachel E. Rosenbloom, The Citizenship Line: Rethinking Immigration Exceptionalism, 54 B.C.L. Rev. 1695, 1993 (2013) (“U.S. citizenship opened up across racial lines at virtually the same time that the border started closing in racially specific ways.”). Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 506 (2018) (citing statement of Sen. Jones in 1882, 13 Cong. Rec. 1742, “Free institutions are only possible with the favored races. …[N]o other race is capable of treading freedom’s heights with firm and unwavering step.”). 34. David Scott FitzGerald, The History of Racialized Citizenship, in Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Baubock, Irene Bloemraad, and Maarten Vink, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship 131 (2017); Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 504 (2018) (“These dual requirement for naturalized citizenship—commitment to constitutional principles and membership in the white race—persisted, with relatively few changes, until 1952, when Congress finally repealed any racial criteria for citizenship.”). 35. David Scott FitzGerald, The History of Racialized Citizenship, in Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Baubock, Irene Bloemraad, and Maarten Vink, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship 138 (2017) (citing Ian Haney-Lopez, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (1996)). 36. Beatrice McKenzie, To Know a Citizen: Birthright Citizenship Documents Regimes in U.S. History, in Benjamin N. Lawrance and Jacqueline Stevens, eds., Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness 117-131 (2016). 37. John C. Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Ctizienship and the State 118-120 (2d ed. 2018); Rachel E. Rosenbloom, The Citizenship Line: Rethinking Immigration Exceptionalism, 54 B.C.L. Rev. 1695 (2013). 38. Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 504 (2018). 39. Id. at 525. 40. Id. at n.219. 41. Id. at 529. 42. Adolf Hitler, Second Book (1928). 43. See Juan R. Torruella, Ruling America’s Colonies: The Insular Cases, 32 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 57 (2013). The other major unincorporated territories are Guam, American 164 Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. See USCIS, U.S. Territories (Mar. 27, 2018), https:// www.uscis.gov/tools/glossary/us-territories. According to USCIS, “A U.S. territory is a partially self-governing piece of land under the authority of the U.S. government. U.S. territories are not states, but they do have representation in Congress. Each territory is allowed to send a delegate to the House of Representatives. The people who live in American Samoa are considered U.S. nationals; the people in the other four territories are U.S. citizens. Citizens of the territories can vote in primary elections for president, but they cannot vote in the general elections for president.” Id. 44. See, e.g., Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901). 45. Id. at 286–87. 46. See Brief for the Scholars of International Law as Amicus Curiae, Tuaua v. United States, 788 F.3d 300, at 6, (2015), https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/15-981-Scholars-of-International-LawAmicus-Brief.pdf. 47. United States Department of Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations, https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/ politicatypes. 48. In a series of tweets on April 2, 2019, for example, President Trump disparaged Puerto Rico in connection with disaster relief aid, suggesting he considers (erroneously) Puerto Rico is not part of the United States. 49. See Aaron Steckelberg and Chiqui Esteban, More than 4 million Americans don’t have anyone to vote for them in Congress, The Washington Post (Sept. 28 2017), https:// www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/national/ fair-representation/?utm_term=.845a8339d35f (estimating the total 2017 population of U.S. territories at 4.4 million, based on figures from U.S. Census Bureau). 50. James Q. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law 4-5 (2017). 51. Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 495 (2018). 52. See Alex Ross, The Hitler Vortex: How American racism influenced Nazi thought, The New Yorker (April 30, 2018), at 72. 53. Cassandra Burke Robertson and Irina D. Manta, (Un) Civil Denaturalization, 94 New York University Law Review 402, 427 (2019), https://www.nyulawreview.org/ wp-content/uploads/2019/06/NYULawReview-94-3-RobertsonMantapdf.pdf. 54. Id. 55. See Eric L. Muller, Japanese American Cases – A Bigger Disaster Than We Realized, 49 How. L. J. 417, 455 (2006). UNMAKING AMERICANS