resolution; (viii) pending; (ix) history; and (x) observations. Once the chart was populated with case data, it was organized chronologically, and divided into the two main periods, pre- and post-2017, which were transferred into two new sheets to be codified, allowing for collated results and graphic representation, for ease of interpretation and analysis. together the people of the United States.”). 14. The Justice Initiative has conducted extensive field work and advocacy in the Dominican Republic on the issue of access to nationality for Dominicans of Haitian descent. See, e.g. Open Society Justice Initiative, Expelled Dominicans and Haitians v. Dominican Republic, Open Society Foundations, (2014), https://www.justiceinitiative. org/litigation/expelled-dominicans-and-haitians-v-dominican-republic (expert opinion); Open Society Justice Initiative, Factsheet: Deportation and Citizenship in the Dominican Republic: Unanswered Questions, Open Society Foundations, (July 2015), https://www.justiceinitiative. org/publications/deportation-and-citizenship-dominican-republic-unanswered-questions; Cassandre Theano, Finding a Way out of Legal Limbo in the Dominican Republic, Open Society Foundations (Apr. 19, 2017), https://www. justiceinitiative.org/voices/ finding-way-out-legal-limbo-dominican-republic. The organization has contributed amicus briefs in two leading cases on deprivation of nationality in the United Kingdom: Open Society Justice Initiative, Home Secretary v. Al-Jedda, Open Society Foundations, https://www.justiceinitiative. org/litigation/home-secretary-v-al-jedda (amicus brief submitted in June 2013); Open Society Justice Initiative, Pham (previously B2) v. Home Secretary, Open Society Foundations, https://www.justiceinitiative.org/litigation/ pham-previously-b2-v-home-secretary (amicus brief submitted March 2014). See also, Open Society Justice Initiative, Opinion on Clause 60 of UK Immigration Bill and Article 8 of UN Convention on Reducing Statelessness, Open Society Foundations (Mar. 11, 2014), https://www. justiceinitiative.org/publications/opinion-clause-60-uk-immigration-bill-and-article-8-un-convention-reducing. The Open Society Justice Initiative regularly engages with leading experts on deprivation of nationality, most recently through a project to document and disseminate human rights-based standards covering deprivation of nationality as a national security measure, in collaboration with the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion and Asser Institute. See Asser Institute, Expert Roundtable on Citizenship Stripping as a Security Measure, (June 28, 2018), https://www.asser.nl/about-the-institute/ asser-today/expert-roundtable-on-citizenship-stripping-as-a-security-measure/. 19. See, e.g., Martha S. Jones, Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America 12 (2018) (“Citizenship had a piecemeal quality in antebellum America, defined only as needed.”). 15. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 312 (2018). 28. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History 290 (1997). 16. Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 496-97 (2018) (discussion of “constitutional nationalism” in the United States: “[T]he Constitution is understood to represent the central expression of the nation’s civil ideals that bind 29. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration 39 (2010). Endnotes 17. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 312 (2018) (referencing Madison in Federalist No. 52). 18. Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738, 827-28 (1824). 20. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 314 (2018). 21. See, e.g., Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (1997); Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489 (2018); James Q. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law (2017); David Scott FitzGerald, The History of Racialized Citizenship, in Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Baubock, Irene Bloemraad, and Maarten Vink, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship 129 (2017). 22. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 314 (2018). 23. Martha S. Jones, Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America 15 (2018). 24. See generally Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (1997). See Jared A. Goldstein, Unfit for the Constitution: Nativism and the Constitution, from the Founding Fathers to Donald Trump, 20 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 489, 499-500 (2018) (discussing Smith’s work, arguing that, contra Smith’s view, nativism and constitutional nationalism have “always been intertwined” in American history). 25. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 326 (2018); Rachel E. Rosenbloom, The Citizenship Line: Rethinking Immigration Exceptionalism, 54 B.C.L. Rev. 1695, 1990 & notes accompanying (2013) (“The Chinese Exclusion Era spanned from 1882-1943.”). 26. United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898). 27. Jill Lepore, These Truths: A History of the United States 337 (2018). In 1924, Congress conferred by statute citizenship on all Native Americans born in the U.S.. 30. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History 341 (1997). 163