Seeking Confirmation of Citizenship in Passport Cases This chart shows the narrow application of relevant potential remedies following denial or revocation of U.S. passports, as applied in cases reviewed by the Justice Initiative. Some of the interpretations depicted are currently being challenged in litigation. Inside the U.S. Outside the U.S. 8 U.S.C. § 1503(a): Declaratory Judgment of Citizenship 8 U.S.C. § 1503(b): Request Certificate of ID at consulate • Does not apply to those in removal proceedings • Does not adress pattern or practice behavior in the agency • De novo review places burden on the petitioner to prove citizenship rather than challenging the agency action Issued Not Issued 8 U.S.C. § 1503(c): Seek admission into the U.S. at Port of Entry Appeal to Secretary of State Issued Admited Denied File Habeas • Must physically be “in custody” 138 Not Issued APA • Does not address citizenship question • Highly deferential UNMAKING AMERICANS