Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st century global politics. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes, projects and data sets, in addition to a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration, the expanding membership of the European Union, developments in Europe’s neighbourhood and the wider world. For more information: http://eui.eu/rscas The EUI and the RSCAS are not responsible for the opinion expressed by the author(s). The Global Governance Programme The Global Governance Programme is one of the flagship programmes of the Robert Schuman Centre. It is made of a community of outstanding professors and scholars, produce high quality research and engage with the world of practice through policy dialogue. Established and early career scholars research write on and discuss issues of global governance within and beyond academia, focusing on four broad and interdisciplinary areas: Global Economics, Europe in the World, Cultural Pluralism and Global Citizenship. The Programme also aims to contribute to the fostering of present and future generations of policy and decision makers through its executive training programme: the Academy of Global Governance, where theory and ‘real world’ experience meet and where leading academics, top-level officials, heads of international organisations and senior executives discuss on topical issues relating to global governance. For more information: http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu The European University Institute and the Robert Schuman Centre are not responsible for the opinions expressed by the author(s). GLOBALCIT GLOBALCIT is an online observatory and research network within the EUI’s Global Governance Programme. GLOBALCIT publishes two kinds of working papers: (1) peer reviewed and previously unpublished manuscripts on topics of citizenship laws and policies covered by the observatory and (2) collections of edited contributions to GLOBALCIT Forum Debates and Symposia. For more information, visit our website at http://globalcit.eu Series editors: Rainer Bauböck (European University Institute and Austrian Academy of Sciences ) Jelena Džankić (European University Institute) Iseult Honohan (University College Dublin, School of Politics and International Relations) Jo Shaw (University of Edinburgh, Law School) Maarten Vink (European University Institute) The views expressed in this publication cannot in any circumstance be regarded as the official position of the European Union.