• In the third section we look back at the purpose and history of the digital ID system in Uganda and explore the policy choices that have led to the challenges that we see today. We look at the promise of digital ID and how it may fit into an agenda of inclusive development for Uganda. We also look at how exclusionary risks have now become exclusionary realities, degrading the promise of the national ID system into something that is no longer aligned with the principles of sustainable development. • We conclude by making a number of concrete recommendations of what changes must be made if the Ndaga Muntu system is ever to deliver on its promise of ‘people centred growth and development.’ The most important recommendations are that: (i) with immediate effect, Ndaga Muntu should no longer be required to access social rights; (ii) the Ugandan government can identify beneficiaries of social services and benefits via alternative forms of identification until the national ID system is thoroughly reformed; (iii) NIRA is in urgent need of structural reform, recommending several key changes to its operation; (iv) an independent accountability mechanism should be established to deal with problems specific to Ndaga Muntu; (v) international organizations, including the World Bank, UN funds, programmes and agencies as well as bilateral donors, should leverage their partnerships with the Ugandan government to urge it to prevent further wholesale exclusion and potential human rights violations related to Ndaga Muntu. Without sufficient attention paid to these recommendations, there is a growing risk that Ndaga Muntu will continue to generate exclusion, negatively impact the human rights of the poorest and most marginalized individuals, and prevent the Government of Uganda from delivering truly inclusive development for all who live there. 18 Chased Away and Left to Die